西方纪录片的风格演变与本土创作策略

纪录片是以真实生活为创作素材,以真人真事为表现对象,对其进行艺术加工,以展现真实为本质,并用真实引发人们思考的电影或电视艺术形式。作为与剧情片相区别的纪录片,在近一个世纪的演变中形成了类型多元、流派繁多的风格模式,为现代纪录片的创作留下了宝贵的精神财富。本文对西方纪录片风格演变的历史进行描述和特征分析,提出本土纪录片创作策略,以期为本土纪录片创作者提供借鉴参考。     

从“上帝之声”到“自我指涉”内心之语——浅谈20世纪90年代中国独立纪录片的叙事模式及缺憾

中国独立纪录片作者在拍片之初呈现出一种游离于体制边缘的激进姿态,并借鉴＂真实电影＂或＂直接电影＂的叙事模式来对抗主流专题片中权威的＂上帝之声＂。然而,独立纪录片作者＂主体性＂的缺失以及过度依赖拍摄客体的＂言说＂却让中国独立纪录片面临着自身不可避免的缺憾。经过自我反省的中国独立纪录片作者,在20世纪90年代中期开始表现出对＂回到自身＂的渴望以及对＂个人化的写作、自由的表现＂的诉求。中国独立纪录片呈现出多样化、多声部的发展态势。中国纪录片的声音也由＂上帝之声＂演变为一种＂自我指涉＂的内心独白。     

城市建设与法制保障的关系

十几年来,我国各地城市建设的速度加快,带来了许多重大变化,由此也出现了很多问题。城市建设采用行政手段和政策措施固然必要,但从长远看,法制保障才是城市建设的根本保障。在推进城市建设的过程中,应将一些政策决定上升为法规,增强其稳定性和规范性,更加明确地体现社会意志并坚持落实执行,完善文化遗产法律体系,建立健全城市建设社会保障体系。城市建设必须依靠法制保障,才能更快更好地发展。     

经济犯罪取证对策研究

经济犯罪在我国已经呈现高发态势多年,但一直难以有效的遏制其发展,究其原因主要还是经济犯罪发现难和取讧难,而取证难又是打击经济犯罪中的难中之难。经济犯罪因其具有发案的延迟性、证据的特殊性,在侦查时取证的及时性要求高于一般的刑事案件。然而,由于经侦队伍素质不高、经济犯罪伴随大量的官员腐败、普通群众配合取证消极、犯罪证据易变、犯罪行为空间跨度大、证据转化较难等原因,严重妨碍经济犯罪侦查的及时取证。加强经侦队伍建设、掌握经济犯罪规律、采用一般与特殊手段相结合的侦查方法、加强与金融等部门的协作是解决经济犯罪侦查取证难的有效途径。     

论FOB贸易下卖方风险防范

目前,采用FOB术语进行国际货物买卖已经得到贸易界的普遍认可,越来越多的货物进出口商以FOB价格进行交易。但在FOB贸易下,卖方通常面临着船货衔接不协调、买方与承运人恶意欺诈、目的港无人提货、买方支付不能等多种风险,FOB贸易下卖方的利益极易遭受损害,加之FOB贸易下卖方的法律地位尚不够明确,因此,对FOB贸易下卖方的保护日益显得重要和必要。该文将针对FOB贸易下卖方的保护问题加以论述,以求更加充分地保护FOB贸易下卖方的利益,维护国际贸易秩序,实现法律的公平公正价值。     

《需要、欲望和自我》一书的基本概念和逻辑

一切物包括无机物和植物都有需要,因此需要具有客观性,是物存在和发展的客观条件.其实现形式从无机物的被动,到植物的主动,到动物的欲望,再到人的理性,总的趋势是从客观走向主观.需要和欲望有不同的发展史、本质和价值;欲望是实现需要的一种心理形式;价值是需要而不是欲望的满足及其程度.需要、欲望和价值是该书的三个基本概念.需要是人的客观方面,欲望是人的主观方面,二者的辩证,意味着人的内部矛盾,意味着主体不等于主观,这是该书的基本逻辑.把握人本身,为人的解放确定正确方向,对主体的分析是前提.     

Managerial support for basic psychological needs,somatic symptom burden and work-related correlates: A self-determination theory perspective

Somatic symptom burden, or the experience of physical symptomatology without a medical explanation, is related to functional disability and poor quality of life. The consequences of somatic symptom burden extend beyond the individual and affect society, as manifested in higher medical utilization and lower job productivity. Using self-determination theory, we posited that employees' perceptions of managerial support for basic psychological needs may be associated with lower levels of somatic symptom burden among employees, in part because such contexts promote autonomous self-regulation (a type of motivation) at work. Also, we posited that somatic symptom burden among employees would explain some of the relations of managerial need support and autonomous self-regulation at work to indices of work-related functioning, namely emotional exhaustion, turnover intention and absenteeism. Results from 287 Norwegian employees confirmed these hypotheses. These findings not only identify a theoretical mechanism that may explain (in part) the origin of somatic symptoms, but also offer a model by which social-contextual and motivational factors affect important work-related outcomes. These findings also bespeak the importance of developing workplace interventions that provide support for satisfaction of the basic psychological needs.     

Making the developmental system work better for children: lessons learned implementing an innovative programme

Pathways to Prevention is an early prevention project founded on developmental systems theory operating through a schools‐community agency‐university partnership in a socially disadvantaged area of Brisbane. Circles of Care is a Pathways programme also implemented on a small scale by the same agency in a regional city. The Circles programme is designed to strengthen connections between schools, families and community services, and harmonize activities in these settings by surrounding children with identified needs with a supportive group of adults. A Circle, which includes at least the child, parent(s), teacher and agency staff, sets goals, mobilizes resources for the child, family and school, and monitors progress. The client is conceptualized not as the child but as a dysfunctional developmental system, with better outcomes for children as the ultimate goal. Qualitative evaluation at the two sites showed that while Circles worked well at the level of practical support and relationship building and did achieve good child outcomes, its capacity to achieve collaborative practice and strengthen system relations was limited by entrenched organizational structures and cultures. However, one site, with more support for collaboration across organizational boundaries, suggested that system alignment is achievable on a larger scale with vision and leadership for organizational reform.     

合同自由与等价交换的博弈——英美“约因无须等价”规则研究

“约因”是传统英美合同法的核心要件, 而“约因必须充足但无须等价”则是法官认定“约因”是否存在进而决定允诺是否有强制力的指导性规则。该规则衍生于英格兰中世纪的合同诉讼, 于18世纪后期确立为近现代英美合同法的重要内容。“名义约因”与“虚假约因陈述”是约因无须等价的两种特殊情形。约因无须等价规则的起源与发展生动地诠释了普通法的传统个性, 它蕴涵了合同自由的精神, 并发挥着促进交易之功能。将合同关系的本质概括为“协作”是当代学者对约因无须等价规则提出的最新哲学辩护。     

Elder Abuse and Neglect—“Old Phenomenon”: New Directions for Research,Legislation, and Service Developments

This article poses the question: Is elder abuse and neglect a social problem, showing that it is. Elder abuse, though, is still the most hidden form of mistreatment and a key to governmental responses to an ageing population. It is an important facet as a family violence problem, an intergenerational concern, as well as a health, justice and human rights issue. Because the phenomenon of elder abuse and neglect is so complex and multi-dimensional, it has to be addressed by multi-professional and inter-disciplinary approaches. Raising awareness is a fundamental prevention strategy and an important step in causing changes in attitudes and behaviors. This has been accomplished by INPEA and the article was developed from the lecture given by the author on receiving the International Rosalie Wolf Award from INPEA. The discussion focuses on elder abuse as a product of global ageing, stemming from population ageing, which is consistent with an increased prevalence of abuse of all vulnerable groups, older people among them. It is pointed out that baseline and trend data on the nature and prevalence of senior abuse are crucial to policy responses and the development of appropriate programs and services. Difficulties in assessing the scope of the phenomenon, though, are due to: problems in definitions and methodology, which create difficulties in comparing data from various countries; lack of social and familial awareness; isolation of some elders, especially migrants; elder abuse as a ‘hidden issue’ that usually occurs in the privacy of the home and is viewed as a family affair; limited access to institutional settings. Difficulties also exist in constructing a unifying research framework in order to study the phenomenon due to a lack of comparison groups, a lack of representative national surveys and difficulties in measurement. There is currently, however, an increase in prevalence and incidence studies from both sides of the Atlantic and especially from Europe. But while prevalence studies provide base-data on numbers, little is known about key conceptual issues for policy, practice and the understanding of different forms of abuse and neglect. Theoretical under-development hampers the collection of systematic cumulative knowledge which is based on universally agreed upon and standardized tools, and reduces the ability to discover unifying themes and their relationship to local idiosyncrasies existing in the field. Additionally, there has been no attempt to develop theoretical knowledge grounded in data from the study of elder abuse itself. The following vehicles for action are, thus, suggested: Developing international, national and regional research agendas and data bases; developing policy and legislation; developing services and interventions and developing educational programs.