寻找儒学的原始问题

孔子时期儒学的原始问题,就是“性与天道”问题。“性与天道”问题的实质,就是通过关于人的本性的洞察,将作为伦理道德行为和活动动机的自觉意识、自愿情感和自主意志人文化成人的需要的一部分,成为能以如同饥食渴饮、男欢女爱一样自然而然地得以自我实现和自我确证的人的本性的组成部分。关于人的本性的洞察,需要通过以反身内省为心理或思维机制的生命体验和生活经验去体认,而不必依赖“沉思”或“顿悟”的理性思维和理性直觉。孟子将“仁义礼智”纳入人的“心”中而成为人的思维的对象,偏离了儒学原始问题的经验本源,并因此而遮蔽了儒学原始问题所开启的生命价值和生活意义的价值之源;北宋新儒学家二程,将“仁义礼”提升为形上本体而与“天道”一起构成“天理”,“天理”与人的本性即人的需要为主要内容的“人欲”之间的对立关系,以及因此而建构的“理”“欲”二元对立、非此即彼的思维模式,在阻断了伦理道德行为和活动的经验来源的同时,也取消了作为价值之源的人的需要存在的合法性;不仅使得孔子时期的儒学及其原始问题发生了根本性的变化,而且也给社会现实造成了负面的社会效应。把被颠倒了的本来关系再颠倒过来,重新审视人的需要在人的行为和活动中的重要地位,重新选择儒家思想现代转型的原点和路径,是寻找和讨论儒学的原始问题的真实原因。     

基于需求的混合学习模式探究 ——以现代教育技术课程为例

分析目前高等教育的现状,从学生、教学、社会需求出发,以现代教育技术课程为例,提出通过课堂教学、课后练习、线下 学习、线上学习的混合学习模式解决存在的问题和矛盾,以此培养具有个性和适应时代需求的学生。     

Foster care assessment: an exploratory study of the placement assessment process in Flanders and the Netherlands

Family foster care placement decision‐making has a weak scientific underpinning. The identification of clusters of foster children (groups of foster children with similar characteristics) can help improve decision quality. In this study, we investigated if foster children could indeed be clustered, which problems were identified at the time of placement and what might be the influence of placement history. Two clusters of foster children were found: (i) young children with coinciding parental child‐rearing incapacity and familial problems, and (ii) older children with child problems. At the time of placement, familial problems were more often identified in younger children with a placement history. These findings stress the importance of approaching foster care assessment as part of a dynamic decision‐making process. It is key to finding the most appropriate situation for the child. At the same time, it must be decided how the desired situation can be realized, wherein placement decisions are based on an appraisal of whether or not a foster placement is an appropriate solution. In conjunction with this, it needs to be decided how the parents can be supported towards reunification, or whether or not long‐term foster care is the best option for the child, and if so what conditions need to be met.     

Resisting your good intentions: substance‐misusing parents and early intervention to support and monitor children in need

Children from substance‐misusing families face elevated risks in growing up well and safe. Early intervention is an opportunity for local authorities to offer support and keep a watching brief on children's welfare. However, the basis upon which agencies voluntarily engage with families in advance of major problems becoming evident is far from straightforward. This qualitative pilot study in Scotland followed professional decision‐making over 6 months (n = 20 professionals) with a small number of families (n = 6) defined as in need of supportive intervention. This support was allied with an intention to monitor the family situation, which, in these data, appeared to affect the willingness of families to engage with services. As services sought to increase their voluntary oversight, sometimes by threatening escalating involvement, so families by various means appeared to resist it. Successful early intervention is reliant on voluntary family participation and thus requires close attention to means of positive and motivated parental engagement to disarm resistance.     

Just deserts? ‘Privatisation’ and the history of deservingness in Australia's retirement incomes system

Over the last few decades, changes in Australia's retirement incomes policy, including the introduction of compulsory superannuation, have seen governments encourage individuals to provide for their own old age from private means. This process has been described as ‘privatisation’ of retirement incomes. However, beyond the ‘privatisation’ thesis, there has been little critical examination of what these changes have meant for the nature and relative importance of the different principles underpinning Australia's retirement incomes system. This paper aims to provide such an examination. Drawing on the principles of deservingness and need, the paper provides an historical analysis of the development of Australia's retirement incomes system, tracing how these two principles underpinned the first age pension and subsequently contributed to the emergence of compulsory superannuation. This approach provides a deeper understanding of how contemporary policy changes have altered the structure of Australia's retirement incomes system, arguing that there are important historical continuities as well as changes. It argues that the phrase ‘state‐supported private saving’, rather than ‘privatisation’, captures the nature of this contemporary reform process.     

Controlling children's lives: covert messages in child protection service reports

This article presents central findings from a detailed examination of written documents in 50 child protection cases from the Norwegian welfare state. In so doing, it explores issues related to the social consequences of document writing in welfare state services. Using a frame drawn from Foucault's theory of discursive rites, it looks at the writing of certain documents as ritual performances involving on the one hand, various chains of power and on the other, processes reinforcing ruling definitions of normality. The examination shows that documents do more than satisfy bureaucratic demands for record keeping about the delivery of child protection services. These records also serve as distributors of social identities and social positions for children and their families. Moreover, the examination also reveals the contours of a paradox whereby, activities intended to help and to protect some children often involve using these youngsters to reaffirm normality in society and to confirm the existing social order. These findings indicate that there is a need for greater sensibility to ethical issues involved in documents writing.     

Need and support: determinants of intra‐familial financial transfers in Sweden

Lennartsson C. Need and support: determinants of intra‐familial financial transfers in Sweden Int J Soc Welfare 2011: 20: 66–74 © 2010 The Author(s), Journal compilation © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and International Journal of Social Welfare. This study examined downward inter‐generational intra‐family financial transfers in Sweden made in the form of money transactions or gifts. The research questions focus on whether recipients of intra‐family financial transfers are children in ‘need’ of such support, and whether early family environment has any consequences for later financial transfers. Using data from a nationally representative survey, the results suggest that childhood disadvantages have long‐term consequences in connection with intra‐family financial transfers. Disadvantages and inequalities in childhood are likely to remain into adulthood, and children who experience adverse childhood conditions are less often recipients of later intra‐family financial support. Intra‐family transfers are also related to the ‘needs’ of the younger generation. Single parents and students from higher social class families are more often beneficiaries of financial support. In contrast, family support was no higher for unemployed children, for children lacking financial security in the form of a cash margin or for children reporting poor health.     

改革开放以来当代文学研究中值得深思的几个问题

改革开放30年来的当下文学研究与批评与这一时期的文学进程同步,汲取已有的历史经验和教训,呼应着现实需要,取得了很大成绩,但也存在着盲目追求赶超意识带来的思想浮躁、技术化的方法批评导致的与文本的审美价值脱离、许多大而无当的文化批评的泛滥造成的文学本体研究的空心化和泡沫化、长期的精神压抑创伤造成的正面建构生存理想能力的匮乏、直面现实勇气的缺乏派生的滥把生存策略当成文学本真等严重弊端,足以引起人们深思。     

北京联合大学建设应用性大学的原因及实施路径

北京联合大学建设应用性大学的总体发展战略应从市场营销战略的角度出发,依据首都市场的人才需求变化趋势,结合学校自身的特点,学习国外应用性大学办学模式的成功经验,并要制订北京联合大学建设应用性大学的战略步骤和具体策略.     

员工满意度与离职倾向研究——以潮汕地区民营企业为例

以马斯洛需求层次论为基础,对汕头民营企业的员工满意度及离职倾向进行问卷调研,再利用相关模型进行数据处理。结果表明:超过58.7%的人对自己的收入感到"不满意",员工总体离职频率为0.3875次/年,按销售、技术、财务和管理岗位人群对员工满意度及离职倾向进行了研究,进而提出企业防范人才流失的对策建议。