经济全球化条件下维护中国国家主权的理性选择

国家主权理论自产生以来一直受到世人的密切关注,尤其是二战后,围绕维护国家主权的斗争激烈。随着经济全球化快速发展,传统国家主权理论受到严重挑战,国家主权发展成为无所不包的新概念。中国国家主权受到挑战集中表现在经济、政治、文化方面。维护中国国家主权一是运用辩证思维认识国家主权理论;二是加强物质文明、精神文明、政治文明建设。     

Signed orders in linear and nonlinear utility theory

Self-reflecting signed orders on a set A and its anti-set A ^* were introduced previously as a way to account for negative as well as positive feelings about the inclusion of items in A in potential subsets of choice. The present paper extends the notion of signed orders to lotteries on A A ^*, describes reflection axioms for the lottery context, and shows how these axioms simplify utility representations for preference between lotteries. The simplified representations are then used to guide procedures for extending preferences from A A ^* and its lotteries to preferences between subsets of items.     

Discounting statistical lives

Benefit-cost analysis of government projects that reduce health risks over an extended period of time requires an estimate of the value of a future life. This in turn requires a discount rate. We suggest and carry out a method to estimate the discount rate using observations on discrete choices between projects with different time horizons. This method is implemented in a survey context. For our primary example, the estimated median discount rate is close to the market rate. A substantial proportion of the sample is estimated to have quite low discount rates. We provide some evidence that discount rates may differ for different types of risks.This research was supported in part by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under Cooperative Agreement in Environmental Economics Research CR-813557-01-0. The opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. We would like to thank Paul Portney for bringing the importance of discounting statistical lives to our attention, and John Conlisk, Maureen Cropper, Mark Machina, Robert Mitchell, Peter Navarro, and Walter Oi for helpful comments.     

Generalized similarity judgments: An alternative explanation for choice anomalies

Rubinstein's (1988) procedure for choosing between risky prospects, based, in part, upon similarities between prizes and probabilities across lotteries, is modified and extended to apply to a more general class of binary choices. This modified procedure is shown to imply behaviors following from Loomes and Sugden's (1982) Regret Theory, although under more general conditions, and provides an alternative explanation for much of the data which led to the specification of Prospect Theory's value and decision weighing functions. The procedure also explains observed violations of stochastic dominance, transitivity, and invariance not accounted for in available alternatives to expected utility.     

农民负担的政治经济学分析

中国农民负担可以理解为一个政治过程。通过对国家、基层组织、农户等经济主体各自的利益取向、权利结构以及相互力量之间的对比分析,我们可以发现,责任与利益激励使得基层组织有着增加农民负担的冲动,机会主义心态和反对成本高昂等原因又使得农民无法有效抵制负担。利用博弈模型可以检验和演示农民负担增加的制度性根源。体制变革是减轻农民负担的治本之策。     

可持续发展呼唤绿色会计

加强环境保护、实现可持续发展是我国经济发展的战略选择。如何从经济的角度去实现可持续发展已成为一个新的课题。传统会计已不适应可持续发展的要求 ,绿色会计的理论与方法体系为人们从经济的角度进行环境保护、实现可持续发展提供了一条科学有效的途径。     

我们需要什么样的劳动力市场制度

一个统一、灵活和充满竞争性的劳动力市场是保证中国经济持续、健康发展的重要条件。20世纪90年代后期以来,中国城镇失业率加速攀升,就业形势异常严峻,继而带来贫困、收入差距扩大等一系列问题,社会不安定因素大大增加。在市场经济条件下,政府促进就业,必须充分重视劳动力市场,维护劳动力市场机制的正常运转,让市场配置劳动力资源的作用充分发挥。     

试析分权政体设计衍变

分权政体设计指政治主体依据一定的原则和目标,将政体内部结构各要素进行科学分工、配置,并有效运转,把政治任务、政治责任、政治权力和政治利益进行有效组合和协调的活动.分权政体设计经历了混合政体设计、二权分立政体设计阶段、三权分立政体设计阶段等.     

大学教师“科研至上”行为的制度逻辑

大众化高等教育时代,在高等教育改革、新管理主义、市场经济的共同作用下,大学教师"科研至上"行为已经形成了一种普遍性的世界景观。从理性选择制度主义的视角来分析,目前中国大学教师所表现出的"科研至上"行为并不能单纯地被解释为教师个体行为,而是具有制度化和结构性的特点,有着广泛深厚的合法性基础和特定的制度逻辑。其中大学教师的聘任、晋升、激励、评估及声誉制度等影响并决定着教师的行为选择与发展策略。在大学教育范式变革的时代,关注"以学生为中心"的教育范式转型,需要考虑各种复杂因素的影响,重构大学教师发展制度。     

个人理性选择、社会制度环境与居民信任度差异

将个人理性选择和社会制度环境相结合,研究二者对居民信任度差异的影响,发现社会制度环境相对于个人理性选择而言具有更强的解释力,但是都不及综合模型。为提高居民的普遍信任度,应构建不同阶层之间的沟通对话机制,加强新型社区建设。