立法语言的语体(下)

立法语言是准确表达立法意图、立法目的和体现立法政策的一种专门载体,比一般的语言文字严谨、规范、简洁、通俗、明确。法律文本大到行文成篇,小至遣词用字,都应当予以足够的重视,要求既符合作为法律行业特殊语体的习惯和规则,也要符合国家通用语言文字(普通话)的语法、语义要求。根据我国立法文本的用字和用词、立法语言的口语以及立法语言的外来词等方面的统计、分析和研究,我们发现立法语言具有通用语言文字和特殊行业语言的双重特点,自然也要接受、符合通用语言文字和法律行业语言的双重规范。     

学前儿童基于重量和声音进行因果推理的发展研究

儿童的推理能力历来都是考察儿童认知发展的重点。本研究探讨了在多种属性刺激下3~5岁儿童基于重量和声音进行 因果推理的表现。结果发现：4岁和5岁儿童选择正确目标物的准确率显著高于3岁儿童；和同时使用声音与重量判断目标物相 比，儿童在单独使用重量或声音的情况下更容易区分目标物。总之，儿童因果推理能力发展的关键期在4岁并且当任务难度较高 的情况下其因果机制极易受到干扰。     

Portrayals of the internal God among Ashkenazi Jewish Orthodox lesbians in Israel

Abstract

Most of the existing literature on Ashkenazi Orthodox Jewish lesbians focuses on sociological aspects, mainly the negative attitudes held by religious communities towards their sexual identity and the various problems that arise from these. Less attention has been paid to lesbians’ psychological coping mechanisms with the tensions between their two central identities: the religious and the sexual. Ashkenazi Orthodox lesbians find themselves in a complicated situation where they remain on the margins of both their “natural” communities: the religious one and the homosexual one. As a result, they feel rejected, isolated, and even punished by society. As believers, God is their ultimate refuge. But there are different conceptions of God, ranging from benevolent to persecutory, accepting or highly judgmental and punishing. This variance has not been considered in regard to the dual identity of Ashkenazi Orthodox lesbians. This article focuses on this neglected issue, examining Ashkenazi Orthodox lesbians’ conception of God and its relation to their managing the conflict between their apparently conflicting identities.     

Improving Weight of Evidence Approaches to Chemical Evaluations

Federal and other regulatory agencies often use or claim to use a weight of evidence (WoE) approach in chemical evaluation. Their approaches to the use of WoE, however, differ significantly, rely heavily on subjective professional judgment, and merit improvement. We review uses of WoE approaches in key articles in the peer‐reviewed scientific literature, and find significant variations. We find that a hypothesis‐based WoE approach, developed by Lorenz Rhomberg et al., can provide a stronger scientific basis for chemical assessment while improving transparency and preserving the appropriate scope of professional judgment. Their approach, while still evolving, relies on the explicit specification of the hypothesized basis for using the information at hand to infer the ability of an agent to cause human health impacts or, more broadly, affect other endpoints of concern. We describe and endorse such a hypothesis‐based WoE approach to chemical evaluation.     

Modes of Practice and the Dual Mission of Social Work

Abstract

This study examines the commitment of social work in various countries to its declared dual missionenhancing individual well-being and promoting social justice. It does so by examining the mode of practice preferences of graduating BSW students from seven countries. Based on cluster analysis, three distinct subgroups of students with particular patterns of preferences were found: a generic group, a direct/micro group, and a macro group. The distribution of students among these groups differs between country cohorts. While each of the clusters was to be found in all the countries studied, in three country cohorts, a majority of students belonged to the generic group and a considerable number sought to engage in macro practice, reflecting a commitment to the profession's dual focus. The majority of the students within the remaining country cohorts preferred micro practice and were far less willing to adopt macro level practices.     

局部均衡函数及其构造

研究了局部均衡函数,定义了改进的局部变权向量,提出了与之对应的状态局部变权向量和局部均衡函数,证明了两类函数是局部均衡函数;利用局部变权向量建立了企业信用评估模型,并通过实例说明了该理论是有效的和合理的.     

知识社会价值的二重性表现

知识的社会价值具有二重性表现。从生产方式、经济发展和精神文明三个维度阐述了知识社会价值的三个正面性表现，同时从人体自身认识、人类生物性功能、人类文化、人类存在方式与安全性等方面对知识社会价值的负面性表现作了探索，认为，在知识发展过程中，知识社会价值的正面性和负面性在人的交往实践活动中构成一个辩证运动。     

花儿会:二元结构下的特定时空--试作花儿会上回族群众的角色转换的分析

回族群众在花儿会上,不同于日常世俗生活的表现说明,花儿会是回族社会生活中二元结构下的特定时空。在这个特定时空里,回族群众完成了角色转换,以弥合现实生活和精神心理上的矛盾。     

Competition and Coordination in a Two‐Channel Supply Chain

We study competition and coordination in a supply chain in which a single supplier both operates a direct channel and sells its product through multiple differentiated retailers. We study analytically the supply chain with symmetric retailers and find that the supplier prefers to have as many retailers as possible in the market, even if the retailers' equilibrium retail price is lower than that of the supplier, and even if the number of retailers and their cost or market advantage prevent sales through the direct channel. We find that the two‐channel supply chain may be subject to inefficiencies not present in the single‐channel supply chain. We show that several contracts known to coordinate a single‐channel supply chain do not coordinate the two‐channel supply chain; thus we propose a linear quantity discount contract and demonstrate its ability to perfectly coordinate the two‐channel supply chain with symmetric retailers. We provide some analytical results for the supply chain with asymmetric retailers and propose an efficient solution approach for finding the equilibrium. We find numerically that the supplier still benefits from having more retailers in the market and that linear quantity discount contracts can mitigate supply chain inefficiency, though they no longer achieve perfect coordination.     

论基于利益分析的“环境优先”原则

从可计量、可对比角度而言,“环境优先”常被人们模糊地界定为环境利益优先于经济利益。环境利益和经济利益均应“分别兼具”人身与财产两方面的价值属性,即人身性环境利益与财产性环境利益,人身性经济利益与财产性经济利益。人身性环境利益与人身性经济利益同等重要,财产性环境利益与财产性经济利益之间也无所谓谁优先或者谁不优先。基于此,利益视角下的“环境优先”实质上是应指人身性环境利益优先于财产性经济利益。