Unobtrusively Stretching Law: Legal Education,Activism, and Reclaiming Title IX

We often understate the work that activists put into crafting movement tools. This article examines the space between legal texts and movement resources in a study of early activism surrounding Title IX. Though often hailed as a feminist law, the Title IX statute and regulations lay out a narrow set of individual rights and incorporate several conservative principles. In an analysis of early social movement mobilization surrounding Title IX by the Connecticut Women's Educational and Legal Fund (CWEALF), we identify a distinctive legal framing technique tied to the often overlooked practice of lay legal education. In a legal education campaign that targeted schools, CWEALF placed Title IX's actual requirements alongside broader feminist ideas about gender socialization and civic responsibility to imply that the law mandated substantially greater reforms, a tactic we call unobtrusively stretching law. This article contributes to research on social movements and legal mobilization by illustrating how legal education can serve as part of the tool-making kit for social movements as they struggle to transform legislative compromises into movement resources.     

Innovating the provision of welfare services through collective action: the case of Italian social cooperatives

Social cooperatives are the most widespread social enterprise type in Italy. Their evolution has stimulated the development of diverse interpretative frameworks of social enterprise determinants: the mainstream one is that social cooperatives are the outcome of contracting out policies. Through a critical investigation of social cooperatives’ emergence, integration into public policies, and reaction to the financial crisis, the authors refocus attention to one of the key modes of creation of social enterprises that has not gained the attention it deserves: the bottom-up dynamic. The analysis carried out sheds light on the contribution of citizens’ mobilization to institutional change and confirms that social enterprises can also emerge in an unprepared and hostile ideological, economic and political context.     

供给视角的国民经济动员潜力理论探索

国民经济动员潜力建设是国民经济动员准备的首要任务, 国民经济动员潜力的研究将促进国民经济动员学研究的深化。通常认为, 应该针对特定需求来评价国民经济动员潜力；但是, 需求不清一直困扰着国民经济动员潜力研究。在需求不清的情况下, 从超常供给能力的角度来界定动员潜力概念、研究动员潜力生成机制, 是一条可行的途径。在平时状态下, 国民经济体系表现出常规的投入产出关系；在危机状态下, 危机所产生的压力作用于国民经济体系, 将增加特定资源的供给量, 危机状态下的资源供给量的增量, 就是我们所关注的国民经济动员潜力。     

论网络政治动员

国家、社会团体或个人为达到特定政治目的利用网络技术平台进行的网络政治动员,具有迅速快捷、影响范围全球化、政府控制困难等特征.网络政治动员既能促进政治参与的广度和深度以及效度,也对国家的政治稳定构成了威胁,并为一国干涉他国内政提供了最便捷的政治传播技术平台.国家一方面要利用网络技术实现民主政治的充分参与性,积极回应网民合理的政治诉求,引领积极的网络政治动员;同时也要采取积极的"制动"措施,依法采取有效措施果断瓦解破坏性和颠覆性的网络政治动员.     

抗战初期中国共产党在华北地区的发展

抗战初期，中国共产党在华北不仅要有效地打击日军，而且还要在国民党的限制中取得自身的发展，维持统一战线不致破裂，同时还要做好对土匪、会道门、联庄和游杂武装的争取工作。中国共产党的乡村动员是党、政、军、民分工协作共同完成的，激发民族主义精神、制定维护人民群众利益的经济政策和扩大政治参与都是中国共产党唤起民众的有效手段。     

Mobilization by images: TV screen and mediated instant grievances in the Umbrella Movement

This article discusses the effects of the televised images of the use of tear gas on people participating in the Umbrella Movement. Although the role of the Internet and social media in political mobilization has been widely discussed, the importance of television cannot be overlooked. This article argues that the widely transmitted broadcasts of live images of the police firing tear gas into the protesting crowd generated “mediated instant grievances” in a substantial sector of the viewing public, thus contributing to the size and scale of the Umbrella Movement. The study reported here provides evidence for this argument by analyzing the results of a survey of protesters that were on site during the early stage of the movement (N = 969). The study sought to determine whether and how the television images were related to the participants’ political attitudes, reasons for participation, and views of self-mobilized actions. The findings showed that, in particular, mediated instant grievances motivated the participation of the “amateur protesters” in the movement.     

国民经济动员经济效率相关问题研究

经济效率高低是衡量国民经济动员活动成功与否的重要标准.深入研究国民经济动员经济效率相关问题,既是适应解决国民经济动员现实问题的迫切需要,也是满足建设市场经济对丰富效率内涵的基本要求,并且能够推进国民经济动员效率问题理论研究规范化.国民经济动员经济效率是动员准备效率、动员实施效率和经济复员效率3个指标的综合体,国民经济动员各个阶段经济效率受技术、生产组织、制度、信息和时间等因素的共同影响,基于各主要因素的作用机理,提升国民经济动员经济效率,需从军民融合、供需对接机制、法制建设和整体衔接等方面着手.     

政治社会学与社会运动

上世纪70年代,社会运动的研究一直处在一个多样化的探索社会结构和政治行为之间关系的社会学传统中,并专注于解释运动的意识形态、目的、动机、或暴力倾向等政治取向变量。随后,一个摆脱传统的观点重新定义了核心问题,它从根本上缩小了研究动员过程的兴趣范围：无论他们是谁,无论他们的目标是什么,为了成长和成功,社会团体怎么样调动资源,招募追随者并驾御政治环境。批评者后来坚持认为,意义的建构、集体身份的形成、情绪的刺激和放大在动员中会发挥重要却被忽视的作用,他们这些可选方案对已经缩小的问题建构本身也没有构成挑战,由此产生的子领域在很大程度上放弃了寻求解释运动的政治取向的变化。在革命、工会和民族动员相关领域的研究人员保留了解释政治取向的兴趣,尽管他们常常认为这主要是动员的副产品。正在复苏的关于社会结构对运动政治取向影响的理论将需要整合来自相关研究主题广泛而分散的洞见。     

基于文献分析的中国国民经济动员研究

中国国民经济动员的理论研究起步较晚,公开发表的理论研究成果相对较少,高度集中于《中国国防经济》《军事经济研究》《国防》和《北京理工大学学报(社会科学版)》等期刊。军队系统发表的国民经济动员领域研究文章数量最多,以第一作者公开发表国民经济动员文章数量最多的单位分别为军事经济学院和北京理工大学,研究内容主要包括国民经济动员问题与对策、理论体系、预案与仿真模拟、动员能力与潜力、模式与体制机制、军民融合等方面。目前,国民经济动员研究所运用的研究方法还较为单一,以定性研究为主,缺乏定量研究和实证研究。     

Does Attitudinal Consensus Lead to Neighborhood Collaboration? An Exploratory Analysis of an Urban Community

This article examines whether high levels of attitudinal consensus on community needs and civic responsibilities among a community's residents are associated with effective collaborative efforts among that community's neighborhood associations. Drawing upon both quantitative and qualitative data from an evaluation of an umbrella organization in an urban community, the authors found only a weak connection between attitudinal consensus, which was strong to moderate on most issues, and effective neighborhood association collaboration. The authors conclude that attitudinal consensus may be a necessary first step toward building effective collaboration but is far from sufficient to foster meaningful and stable partnerships. The authors explore the reasons for the lack of effective collaboration, offer suggestions for addressing barriers to collaboration, and discuss the implications of the findings for community building initiatives that aim to build social capital, particularly across “difference,” in distressed and diverse urban communities.