司法现代化在我国农村的困境及出路

司法现代化在农村正遭遇着种种困境,这有其深刻的历史背景和现实基础。实现农村的司法现代化,一方面要对传统法律文化进行认真彻底的反思,肃清沿袭至今的消极影响;另一方面则应从制度上保障司法的公正性,在司法领域树立法律的权威。     

程序正义理念下的死刑复核问题探析

受我国传统刑事诉讼价值取向的影响,现行死刑复核程序在实践运行中一直存在着很多问题,大大影响到死刑复核程序功能的实现。死刑核准权统一收归最高人民法院行使,既让我们在死刑复核问题上看到了希望,又给我们提出了新的研究课题。虽然近期最高人民法院及相关部门颁布了一系列指导死刑复核程序运作的相关规定,但从实际操作效果来看,仍有一些问题需要进一步明确。     

限量促销诱发的前瞻性情绪及其作用机制

摘要:为探讨限量促销诱发的前瞻性情绪及其对购买意愿的作用机制,根据促销决策及目标导向型决策理论,在将前瞻性情绪分为“希望、焦虑、预期欣喜和预期后悔”的基础上,结合限量方式、产品类型及限制数量3个因素,借助5个心理学实验进行检验.研究发现:1)生产型限量与销售型限量方式对前瞻性情绪及购买意愿的影响有显著差异,且生产型限量的影响更大;2)限量方式对前瞻性情绪及购买意愿的影响会受到产品类型的调节.炫耀品更适合使用生产型限量促销,非炫耀品更适合使用销售型限量促销;3)在炫耀品情境下,限量方式对前瞻性情绪及购买意愿的影响会受到限制数量的调节;4)在炫耀品情境下,一元线性回归结果显示,希望、焦虑、预期欣喜、预期后悔对购买意愿的影响都显著,但多元线性回归显示,希望的影响最大,预期后悔与预期欣喜紧随其后,而焦虑则不显著.以上研究结论不仅对企业提升限量促销效果有益,而且有助于深入理解前瞻性情绪的作用.     

政府性基金征收的正当程序研究 ——基于民航发展基金的个案分析

政府性基金的设立,为解决改革开放初期基础设施投上发挥了政策性作用。然而,随着时代的变迁与市场经济模式的完善,作为时代产物的政府性基金,其合法性、合理性与透明度均存在着质疑。选择以民航发展基金为个案,对民航发展基金的由来与发展、征收的使用和制度规范以及设立程序进行阐述与分析不难发现,民航发展基金在前置程序、立法程序、征收标准法律依据、实施程序等方面存在着正当法律程序的偏差,致使其合法性受到质疑。因此,政府性基金的设立,应该在前置程序、程序立法、实施程序、纠纷解决正当程序诸方面做出制度性安排。     

论审判对象的变更及其控制

在强调诉审分离的近现代诉讼构造下,无论法官还是控诉方,其权力均被设定了合理的界限与范围,体现一种分权制衡的机理,显示一种对被告人防御权利的保障的理路。审判对象发生合理的变更,主要基于两种理路,一是“起诉变更主义”,二是“审判对象狭义论”,进而表现为内容、性质及方式上若干类型的变更。面对审判对象变更,利益受影响最大者是被告人,故而要将审判对象变更控制在合理限度内与正当程序中,有效防范突袭性审判的发生。我国现行审判对象变更实践缺乏合理的控制机制,并常常表现为法院与检察院的一种“沟通”,当务之急是要完善审判对象变更程序,对审判对象变更实行正当性控制。     

被告人程序选择权的界定及其正当性探析

作为刑事被告人人权保障的一个方面,现代法治国家普遍尊重并在不同程度上赋予了被告人以程序选择权--即在法定范围内,被告人有权依自己的意愿选择刑事诉讼的有关程序及与程序有关的事项,具体如对审判程序的选择和对审判方式的选择.虽然程序选择权未被表述为被告人最基本、最重要的诉讼权利,但因其有着广泛的理论依据从而具备了存在和发展的正当性,故在我国的刑事诉讼中也应当受到重视.     

论美国保护预备被监护人权益的基本原则

预备被监护人是指即将被安排监护的当事人.经过十余年改革,美国成年监护制度形成了保护预备被监护人权益的一系列基本原则.这些原则包括:"实质性损害"标准、最小限制性替代措施、"功能性行为能力"标准、正当程序原则.我国成年监护制度立法理念相对落后,借鉴美国的成功经验来重构和完善我国的成年监护制度具有重要意义.     

新农合对四川藏区的减贫效应分析

The New Rural Cooperative Medi-cal System ( hereafter NRCMS) in Tibetan areas of Sichuan was started in Wenchuan in 2005 , and by 2008 covered all of the province’s Tibetan areas. This paper studies the effects of the NRCMS on im-proving the health of and alleviating poverty for farmers and herdsmen in Tibetan area of Sichuan. Most parts of the Tibetan areas of Sichuan are located in high altitude districts. Thirty two coun-ties of these areas are classified as “National Pov-erty Counties”. Poverty and disease go hand in hand in these regions. Kashin-Beck disease and hydatid disease are the major endemics in the pas-toral and agro-pastoral areas of Sichuan. Endemic, infectious and chronic diseases are widespread in Sichuan’s Tibetan areas. More than 70% of pa-tients are workers from 20 to 60 years old. Disea-ses are more prevalent in women than in men. Kashin-Beck disease and hydatid disease are cur-rently incurable. Patients suffer from health prob-lems, which leads to a decrease in their income and the heavy burden of medical expenses. The new rural cooperative medical system alleviates the negative effects of farmers’ falling into, or back in-to poverty due to disease. However, the existing medical compensation mechanism is not sufficient to solve the problem. The greatest impact of NRCMS on the farmers and herdsmen in Sichuan’s Tibetan areas is that the system has gradually changed local people’s medi-cal behavior, as well as their underlying ideas a-bout medicine: they begin to believe in hospitals. In particular, more pregnant women are choosing to give birth in hospitals, which reduces the rate of infant mortality and postpartum diseases, and im-proves the health of women. Since the full coverage of the NRCMS in 2008 , the number of people participating in the system has reached the overall average level of Si-chuan province. By analyzing the data before and after the implementation of this system, and meas-uring the impact of the system on people’s health, it can be found that the NRCMS’s role in serving the vulnerable population, such as the elderly and infant children, is more marked. Since the implementation of the NRCMS, all administrative villages in Sichuan Tibetan areas have established village clinics, which solved the problem of a shortage of medicines and doctors in those areas. Farmers and herdsmen have conven-ient access to medical treatment, enhancing the ac-cessibility of medical service. After the implemen-tation of the NRCMS, the health of the elderly population in rural areas has improved. Infant mor-tality rates have dramatically fallen. The implementation of the NRCMS improved the medical service capacity of township hospitals and village clinics. And the NRCMS has brought the township hospitals and village clinics into its scope of compensation, which greatly promotes the utilization of primary medical services in Tibetan areas. The poverty reduction effect of the NRCMS can be analyzed from two aspects:Firstly, the im-
provement in health leads to increased income, be-cause good health can promote labor productivity. Meanwhile, the increase in income will in turn im-prove the overall level of health. Secondly, the in-patient and outpatient compensation rate is raised year by year, which reduces the medical fees of farmers, and prevents them from falling back into poverty.     

家庭承包经营体制的创新与土地的适度规模经营

土地集约化、规模化经营是我国农业生产发展的必然趋势.随着生产力的提高和宏观环境的变化,土地家庭承包制的缺陷也开始显现.所以,在国家政策法律支持下进行家庭承包经营体制的创新发展,采取不同的模式加速土地的集中和规模化经营,是提高我国农业劳动生产力,增加农民收入的主要方向.     

正当程序视野下国际体育兴奋剂处罚体系的发展

伴随着国际体育运动商业化的进程,兴奋剂成为困扰国际体育领域的重大问题。为减轻兴奋剂处罚体系多重性给运动员造成的负担,在国际奥委会的推动下,国际社会正进行着兴奋剂处罚体系统一化的努力。在这一进程中,应关注对运动员正当程序利益的保护,发挥国际仲裁院对个案的裁决及评价作用,推动各体育组织间的配合,使兴奋剂处罚体系更趋合理及法律化。