缩小收入差距 构建和谐社会

目前我国基尼系数显示,我国收入差距已经拉得很大,处于引发社会危机的临界点。收入差距拉大有失社会公平,其原因来自分配制度、腐败、行业垄断、区位劣势等。要缩小收入差距,构建和谐社会,应扩大社会保障面,建立初级社会保障体系;进行公务员和事业人员工资制度的改革;对垄断行业进行改革;加快推进第三次分配;出重拳制止腐败。     

Markov过程在就业问题中的数学描述

根据随机过程原理与生命科学模型,简单的就业问题可以看作是具有两个瞬态的Markov过程.通过对就业转移概率、失业转移概率以及期望逗留期与就业强度和失业强度关系的研究,结果表明:就业转移概率和期望逗留期与就业强度具有相同的增减性,失业转移概率与失业强度的增减性则正好相反.     

Job Creation and Destruction over the Business Cycles and the Impact on Individual Job Flows in Denmark 1980-2001*

Summary: Job creation and destruction should be considered as key success or failure criteria of the economic policy. Job creation and destruction are both effects of economic policy, the degree of out- and in-sourcing, and the ability to create new ideas that can be transformed into jobs. Job creation and destruction are results of businesses attempting to maximize their economic outcome. One of the costs of this process is that employees have to move from destroyed jobs to created jobs. The development of this process probably depends on labor protection laws, habits, the educational system, and the whole UI-system. A flexible labor market ensures that scarce labor resources are used where they are most in demand. Thus, labor turnover is an essential factor in a well-functioning economy. This paper uses employer-employee data from the Danish registers of persons and workplaces to show where jobs have been destroyed and where they have been created over the last couple of business cycles. Jobs are in general destroyed and created simultaneously within each industry, but at the same time a major restructuring has taken place, so that jobs have been lost in Textile and Clothing, Manufacturing and the other “old industries”, while jobs have been created in Trade and Service industries. Out-sourcing has been one of the causes. This restructuring has caused a tremendous pressure on workers and their ability to find employment in expanding sectors. The paper shows how this has been accomplished. Especially, the paper shows what has happened to employees involved. Have they become unemployed, employed in the welfare sector or where? * First draft of this paper was presented at Deutsche Statistische Woche, Frankfurt, September 2004. Thanks to two referees for instructive comments. Financial support from The Danish Social Science Research Council through CCP is acknowledged.     

近十年来国内柏格森研究概况

文章从绵延论、时间观、直觉、生命美学以及生命美学对中国学者的影响等方面,对近10年来柏格森研究的概况作一综述。强调了柏格森的美学思想在21世纪西方美学和艺术发展史上具有的地位。     

流动性过剩的衡量及其与收入差距的关系

在流动性过剩的研究中,分歧较大的是关于流动性过剩的度量问题。由于学者们所提出的度量标准不同,因而得出的结论和政策建议也就差别很大。文章提出了新的流动性过剩衡量指标,并从收入分配的角度,对流动性过剩与收入差距的相关性进行了分析,认为收入差距过大造成过度储蓄,从而形成流动性过剩的存在条件,因此,我们应该通过收入分配政策的调整来进一步治理流动性过剩。

Abstract：

Among the studies of excess liquidity,academics at home and abroad have hugely different views on excess liquidity measures.As specialists put forward various measurement criteria,the conclusions and policy proposals at which arrived by the other scholars exist great differences.This paper,based on income distribution,argues that the excessively wide income gap will cause excess savings,and then forms existing conditions of excess liquidity through setting forth indicators of excess liquidity measures which never been publicized and analyzing the correlation between excess liquidity and income gap.Therefore,we should further control excess liquidity via the adjustments of income distribution policies.     

Duration Adjustment of Acute Exposure Guideline Level Values for Trichloroethylene Using a Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Model

Acute Exposure Guideline Level (AEGL) recommendations are developed for 10-minute, 30-minute, 1-hour, 4-hours, and 8-hours exposure durations and are designated for three levels of severity: AEGL-1 represents concentrations above which acute exposures may cause noticeable discomfort including irritation; AEGL-2 represents concentrations above which acute exposure may cause irreversible health effects or impaired ability to escape; and AEGL-3 represents concentrations above which exposure may cause life-threatening health effects or death. The default procedure for setting AEGL values across durations when applicable data are unavailable involves estimation based on Haber's rule, which has an underlying assumption that cumulative exposure is the determinant of toxicity. For acute exposure to trichloroethylene (TCE), however, experimental data indicate that momentary tissue concentration, and not the cumulative amount of exposure, is important. We employed an alternative approach to duration adjustments in which a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was used to predict the arterial blood concentrations [TCE(a)] associated with adverse outcomes appropriate for AEGL-1, -2, or -3-level effects. The PBPK model was then used to estimate the atmospheric concentration that produces equivalent [TCE(a)] at each of the AEGL-specific exposure durations. This approach yielded [TCE(a)] values of 4.89 mg/l for AEGL-1, 18.7 mg/l for AEGL-2, and 310 mg/l for AEGL-3. Duration adjustments based on equivalent target tissue doses should provide similar degrees of toxicity protection at different exposure durations.     

Is there an optimum number of night shifts? Relationship between sleep, health and well-being

By concentrating on the impact of a specific shift-system feature on the well-being of those concerned, rather than on the impact of the shift system as a whole, one might be able to offer more meaningful suggestions as to what constitutes a better form of shift system. The present study focused on the impact of the number of consecutive night shifts worked on the health and well-being of two groups of nurses (permanent night and rotating shift). All nurses completed a copy of the Standard Shiftwork Index, which is a set of questionnaires designed for comparing the effects of different types of shift system on large groups of workers. It includes measurements of psychological ill-health, physical ill-health, chronic fatigue, social and domestic disruption, attitudes towards shiftwork, sleep quality and sleep habits. Results showed clearly the impact of the number of consecutive nights worked on health and well-being, not directly, but indirectly through the impact on sleep duration and sleep quality. Sleep duration was shown to increase with more consecutive nights worked. This in turn was found to predict sleep quality, which in turn was found to be the stronger direct predictor of psychological and physical ill-health: i.e. better health was associated with longer and better quality sleeps. Explanations in terms of circadian adaptation are discussed.     

中国养老金缺口财政支付对经济增长的影响分析

随着中国养老保险体制改革的进一步深化和公共财政体系的逐步建立与完善,面对日益严重的养老金缺口问题,许多专家学者和研究机构,包括政府都提出要由国家财政来承担弥补养老金缺口的重任.运用财政手段解决养老金缺口将涉及到财政资金的使用,财政资金的使用必将对经济运行产生一定影响.本文从理论和实证两个角度分析了养老金缺口财政承担对中国经济增长所产生的影响.     

曹妃甸东南海堤龙口施工技术

对曹妃甸东南海堤龙口的合拢位置进行调整,采用分层合拢的施工方法提高了合拢的安全性,运用双层土工布垫层方法提高了海堤的抗滑稳定性。在龙口水位落差2.37 m,龙口处横流平均流速4 m/s,瞬间最大流速6 m/s的条件下使合拢顺利完成,降低了施工成本。     

Reforming China's funding of compulsory education: changes and their outcomes

在1980和1990年代，中国是世界教育领域分权改革的重要组成部分。主流研究 当时都强调“低重心”、多渠道的教育经费体制的内在合理性，强调分权化是难以 逆转的趋势。可是从2001年开始，中国调整了农村义务教育管理体制。我们通过实 证分析发现，这一改革不再是分权化改革的延续和完善，而是重新确立政府责任的 一种尝试。它既导致了教育投入的快速增长，也在相当程度上促进了教育公平，尤 其是在小学教育阶段。这为世界教育改革提供了有益经验，也为主流研究的一系列 命题和假设提供了反思的机会。

关键词: 教育改革?分权?教育经费?城乡差距?地区差距

In the 1980s and 1990s, China was an important part of the worldwide decentralization of education. Mainstream research at the time highlighted the inherent rationality of a “low center of gravity” and multiple sources of educational funding and stressed decentralization as an irreversible trend. Since 2001, however, China has readjusted its system of administration of rural compulsory education. Our empirical analysis suggests that this reform is not an extension and refinement of the previous decentralization reform; rather, it represents a renewed effort to reestablish government responsibility for compulsory education. The 2001 reform has led to a rapid increase in government investment in education and a considerable improvement in educational equity, especially in primary education. It therefore provides not just a valuable reference for educational reform around the world, but also an opportunity to reflect upon a series of propositions and assumptions in mainstream research.