Revisions of the Fish Invasiveness Screening Kit (FISK) for its Application in Warmer Climatic Zones,with Particular Reference to Peninsular Florida

The initial version (v1) of the Fish Invasiveness Scoring Kit (FISK) was adapted from the Weed Risk Assessment of Pheloung, Williams, and Halloy to assess the potential invasiveness of nonnative freshwater fishes in the United Kingdom. Published applications of FISK v1 have been primarily in temperate‐zone countries (Belgium, Belarus, and Japan), so the specificity of this screening tool to that climatic zone was not noted until attempts were made to apply it in peninsular Florida. To remedy this shortcoming, the questions and guidance notes of FISK v1 were reviewed and revised to improve clarity and extend its applicability to broader climatic regions, resulting in changes to 36 of the 49 questions. In addition, upgrades were made to the software architecture of FISK to improve overall computational speed as well as graphical user interface flexibility and friendliness. We demonstrate the process of screening a fish species using FISK v2 in a realistic management scenario by assessing the Barcoo grunter Scortum barcoo (Terapontidae), a species whose management concerns are related to its potential use for aquaponics in Florida. The FISK v2 screening of Barcoo grunter placed the species into the lower range of medium risk (score = 5), suggesting it is a permissible species for use in Florida under current nonnative species regulations. Screening of the Barcoo grunter illustrates the usefulness of FISK v2 as a proactive tool serving to inform risk management decisions, but the low level of confidence associated with the assessment highlighted a dearth of critical information on this species.     

中国干群矛盾的类别、发展趋势及缓解机制研究

干群矛盾是中国社会矛盾中最特别、最具有爆炸性的类型,全面解析干群矛盾是社会矛盾预警及治理的重要环节.文章从性质、主体、地域、表现形式、发展阶段、激烈程度等方面对干群矛盾进行分类,把握其发展的现状,概括出具有普遍性、局部激化、振荡调整、危害性大等特征,指出主要诱因包括政治利益冲突、经济利益冲突和情感利益冲突.预测其发展趋势将更为激烈.而且成为其他社会矛盾演化成大规模冲突的催化剂.提出了"一个中心三个层面"、预警机制、综合控制机制等缓解、化解干群矛盾的机制.     

一口通商对早期中英贸易的影响

清初,清政府沿袭明代的海禁政策,对外贸易的主要形式为朝贡贸易。1684年,康熙皇帝开海禁,设立江浙闽粤四海关,管理对外贸易。但四口通商对早期的中英贸易影响甚微,一方面是因为英国没有被清政府纳入朝贡体系,英商不享受相应的优待政策。对于缺少贸易中转站又不了解中国市场行情的英国商船来说,即便到达四口也难以售出货物,更无力购买大宗的中国商品。另一方面,四口都缺乏同英商长期贸易的准备,一时难以组织英商所需的货源。为了加强对英商的管理,1757年,乾隆皇帝将中英贸易限定于广州一地,并推行公行制度。同年,东印度公司职能发生转变,实力强大的“公司国家”垄断中国与欧洲的茶叶贸易,中英贸易进入大发展时期,鸦片贸易成为东印度公司平衡收支的重要筹码。     

明朝阮大铖人生悲剧的家庭成因分析

结合心理学的相关知识,从家庭环境方面,对阮大铖的悲剧成因作深入分析。阮大铖是明末著名的政客、文人。作为政客,他反复无常,臭名昭著;作为文人,他才华横溢,在诗歌及戏曲方面均取得了非常高的成就。     

Some new factor screening designs using the search linear model

Factor screening designs for searching two and three effective factors using the search linear model are discussed. The construction of such factor screening designs involved finding a fraction with small number of treatments of a 2^m factorial experiment having the property P_2t (no 2t columns are linearly dependent) for t=2 and 3. A ‘Packing Problem’ is introduced in this connection. A complete solution of the problem in one case and partial solutions for the other cases are presented. Many practically useful new designs are listed.     

震后早期心理辅导探讨

5·12汶川大地震后,心理援助的重要性受到前所未有的关注.震后人们会出现不同程度的心理应激反应,相当比例的人会出现心理应激障碍.针对这些问题应进行适当的早期心理辅导.早期心理辅导应以创伤后危机干预为思路,以缓解应激障碍相关症状、预防创伤后危机障碍的发生为主要目标,采取心理急救、严重事件应激晤谈、认知行为疗法等方法进行治疗.另外,从这些方法中可归纳出共同的、可用于早期心理辅导的原则:支持性原则、正常化原则、重视社会支持原则、个性化原则等.     

Assessment of the Effectiveness of Radon Screening Programs in Reducing Lung Cancer Mortality

The present study was aimed at assessing the health consequences of the presence of radon in Quebec homes and the possible impact of various screening programs on lung cancer mortality. Lung cancer risk due to this radioactive gas was estimated according to the cancer risk model developed by the Sixth Committee on Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations. Objective data on residential radon exposure, population mobility, and tobacco use in the study population were integrated into a Monte‐Carlo‐type model. Participation rates to radon screening programs were estimated from published data. According to the model used, approximately 10% of deaths due to lung cancer are attributable to residential radon exposure on a yearly basis in Quebec. In the long term, the promotion of a universal screening program would prevent less than one death/year on a province‐wide scale (0.8 case; IC 99%: –3.6 to 5.2 cases/year), for an overall reduction of 0.19% in radon‐related mortality. Reductions in mortality due to radon by (1) the implementation of a targeted screening program in the region with the highest concentrations, (2) the promotion of screening on a local basis with financial support, or (3) the realization of systematic investigations in primary and secondary schools would increase to 1%, 14%, and 16.4%, respectively, in the each of the populations targeted by these scenarios. Other than the battle against tobacco use, radon screening in public buildings thus currently appears as the most promising screening policy for reducing radon‐related lung cancer.     

清初来华传教士马国贤与中国礼仪之争

中国礼仪之争对中国天主教传教史影响深远。通过研究来华的虔劳会会士马国贤在中国礼仪之争中的言行，我们可以看出，天主教各派在此一问题上争论不休的主要原因就在于它们各自对中国文化的理解不同。中国礼仪之争也表明中西文化的认同是何等的艰难。     

“文咏之士”与唐初八史的文学性

唐初八史的作者多为“文咏之士”，撰史善于叙事，喜取小说，文辞华美，使唐初八史呈现出浓郁的文学色彩；此外，唐初八史的尚文之风，唐初八史于史书中明确表达文学观的做法，都缘于著者的文士身份。     

清初“纪录”小考

本文对清初的“纪录”进行了考察。“纪录”在明代业已存在,可是清代“纪录”与明代“纪录”的运用方式不同。清入关后,如果官员拥有“纪录”,遇到行政性处罚时,可以以“纪录”抵消处罚。这样的功绩与处罚的抵销开始于入关前。在入关前的汉文史料上,与“纪录”相关的记载很常见。尤其是皇太极时期有关论功行赏的史料中,“纪录”的记载经常出现。因此,清入关后“纪录”的来源很有可能源于入关前（尤其是天聪年间）的论功行赏制度。在汉文史料上,入关前后“纪录”写的都是“纪录”,但是在满文史料上,入关前后“纪录”的写法不一样。入关前的“纪录”是“ni gidaha”,入关后的“纪录”是“jergi ejehe”。本文利用顺治初纂《太宗实录》、满文档案等各种史料进行考证,将满文“纪录”的表现变化时期限定于顺治年间。另外,还以满文的语言表现为线索,对入关前“纪录”的性质及其变迁进行考察。