试论空间碎片减缓国家机制的构建

空间碎片减缓已经成为国际空间活动中一项国际习惯法规范。联合国外空委于2007年6月通 过的《空间碎片减缓指南》,也明确要求会员国或国际组织通过国家机制最大限度地减缓空 间碎片。中国在空间碎片减缓的国内立法及管理机制建设方面已经有了一定的进展,但加快 中国《空间法》的立法进程和理清空间活动管理机构的职能是构建空间碎片减缓国家机制亟 待完善的问题。     

Agent‐Based Recovery Model for Seismic Resilience Evaluation of Electrified Communities

In this article, an agent‐based framework to quantify the seismic resilience of an electric power supply system (EPSS) and the community it serves is presented. Within the framework, the loss and restoration of the EPSS power generation and delivery capacity and of the power demand from the served community are used to assess the electric power deficit during the damage absorption and recovery processes. Damage to the components of the EPSS and of the community‐built environment is evaluated using the seismic fragility functions. The restoration of the community electric power demand is evaluated using the seismic recovery functions. However, the postearthquake EPSS recovery process is modeled using an agent‐based model with two agents, the EPSS Operator and the Community Administrator. The resilience of the EPSS–community system is quantified using direct, EPSS‐related, societal, and community‐related indicators. Parametric studies are carried out to quantify the influence of different seismic hazard scenarios, agent characteristics, and power dispatch strategies on the EPSS–community seismic resilience. The use of the agent‐based modeling framework enabled a rational formulation of the postearthquake recovery phase and highlighted the interaction between the EPSS and the community in the recovery process not quantified in resilience models developed to date. Furthermore, it shows that the resilience of different community sectors can be enhanced by different power dispatch strategies. The proposed agent‐based EPSS–community system resilience quantification framework can be used to develop better community and infrastructure system risk governance policies.     

Property Loss Estimation for Wind and Earthquake Perils

This article describes the development of a generic loss assessment methodology, which is applicable to earthquake and windstorm perils worldwide. The latest information regarding hazard estimation is first integrated with the parameters that best describe the intensity of the action of both windstorms and earthquakes on building structures, for events with defined average return periods or recurrence intervals. The subsequent evaluation of building vulnerability (damageability) under the action of both earthquake and windstorm loadings utilizes information on damage and loss from past events, along with an assessment of the key building properties (including age and quality of design and construction), to assess information about the ability of buildings to withstand such loadings and hence to assign a building type to the particular risk or portfolio of risks. This predicted damage information is then translated into risk-specific mathematical vulnerability functions, which enable numerical evaluation of the probability of building damage arising at various defined levels. By assigning cost factors to the defined damage levels, the associated computation of total loss at a given level of hazard may be achieved. This developed methodology is universal in the sense that it may be applied successfully to buildings situated in a variety of earthquake and windstorm environments, ranging from very low to extreme levels of hazard. As a loss prediction tool, it enables accurate estimation of losses from potential scenario events linked to defined return periods and, hence, can greatly assist risk assessment and planning.     

Florida Households’ Expected Responses to Hurricane Hazard Mitigation Incentives

This study tested a series of models predicting household expectations of participating in hurricane hazard mitigation incentive programs. Data from 599 households in Florida revealed that mitigation incentive adoption expectations were most strongly and consistently related to hazard intrusiveness and risk perception and, to a lesser extent, worry. Demographic and hazard exposure had indirect effects on mitigation incentive adoption expectations that were mediated by the psychological variables. The results also revealed differences in the factors affecting mitigation incentive adoption expectations for each of five specific incentive programs. Overall, the results suggest that hazard managers are more likely to increase participation in mitigation incentive programs if they provide messages that repeatedly (thus increasing hazard intrusiveness) remind people of the likelihood of severe negative consequences of hurricane impact (thus increasing risk perception).     

古代湖南虫灾、风灾、雹灾、冰冻、地震、疫灾简论

古代湖南除水、旱两大自然灾害外,主要的灾种还有虫灾、风灾、雹灾、冰冻、地震和疫灾,都对社会产生了不同程度的影响和破坏。     

中国陆域近10年地震时空分布统计特征

对中国陆域近10年4级以上地震震中的空间分布和季节分布特征进行了统计分析,从1994年1月到2005年2月间的4级以上地震,共计966次。近10年的地震空间分布与中国陆域历史地震分布基本吻合。中国陆域地震活动与印度板块、太平洋板块及欧亚板块间的相互作用有关,与前者相关的地震位于青藏高原及其外围地区;与后者密切的地震活动集中在中国陆域南海,尤其是台湾省。同时地震活动多围绕断块的周围分布。地震震中较集中地分布在活动断裂带附近、断裂带密集分布地带以及大构造区域的边界地带。地震年际活动的季节统计分析表明,地震高峰期集中出现在春季和秋季,各年地震活动波动性最大,地震距平曲线与地球自转速度变化曲线协同,地球自转速度的季节性变化是影响地震活动的基本因素之一。     

水利投资减灾效果评估:基于中国省际面板数据的实证研究

利用省际面板数据,从全国及区域层面研究新增水利投资、各类型水利设施在抗击农业旱灾、水灾中的效果。研究发现：从全国层面看,新增水利投资能有效降低旱灾成灾率、水灾成灾率,但水利投资抗旱效果比抗击水灾效果好。水库能有效抗旱,但加重了水灾成灾率,水闸抗旱效果明显。从区域层面看,东、中、西部地区水利投资抗旱效果都较明显,而水利投资抗御水灾效果东部地区最明显。机井在中部地区对抗旱起到了一定作用,但东部、西部地区机井数量却与旱灾成灾率正相关。水闸抗御水灾的作用在中部地区显著。中部地区堤防长度与水灾成灾率正相关,西部地区机电排灌站装机容量与旱灾成灾率正相关。东部地区机电排灌站装机容量与水灾成灾率负相关,而在中部地区两者正相关。     

战时媒介管制与媒介功能“让位”——太平洋战争中的日本灾害新闻报道研究

以日本东南海大地震（1944）和三河地震（1945）两次地震为研究背景,通过对报纸和广播对地震的报道情况分析,得知媒体对这两次地震未能展开详细、深入的报道,媒介在灾害中应发挥的功能让位于战争宣传需要。结合两次地震发生时的社会背景,得出媒介对于灾害事件功能失灵的原因在于受当时媒体管控体制限制的结论。相关新闻检阅史料,有力地佐证了在强有力的媒介管制体系之下,媒体面对灾害事件的发生"让位"功能,完全成为服务于战争的舆论工具,揭示出太平洋战争中日本媒体报道的军国主义本质。     

包头5.3地震建筑物结构震害原因分析

本文对内蒙古包头市５．３地震建筑物结构震害原因进行了分析。     

双寡头电力市场垂直合作减排的随机微分对策模型

考虑单电网公司与双发电商所组成的渠道结构,构建了发电商投资减排、电网公司投资消纳的优势互补的异质型垂直合作减排的随机微分对策模型,先后考察并比较了分散决策和集成决策下的反馈均衡结果。在此基础上,讨论了利润共享契约下系统增量利润的分配问题。研究表明：对于分散决策,电网公司选择性承担发电商的减排费用;两种决策下的发电商减排和电网公司购电价格以及分散决策下的减排补贴与发电商之间的减排竞争强度相关;在一定条件和范围内,合作博弈有利于提高电网公司购电电价,同时为此所带来的风险增大。