讨价还价下供应链批发价格契约参数分析及实验研究

为实现供应链协调,避免双重边际化效应,提高供应链的核心竞争力,供应链契约设计尤为重要。在对批发价格契约研究进行了简要总结及分析讨价还价模型后,利用批发价格契约与讨价还价理论,进行了相关实验设计与研究。对批发价格契约中的典型参数分不讨价还价和讨价还价两种情况进行了建模,以批发价格契约为例,采用QT程序设计语言编程,以人-机对话方式模拟了供应商与零售商的交易过程,发现供应商和零售商的收益皆大于不讨价还价情况。     

乡村振兴:电商赋能与地方政府外部供给的困境与对策

乡村振兴以农村产业转型升级为关键支撑，要求引入现代化新要素提升农业经济效益。电商作为一种新的经济形态和创业动力引擎，通过“互联网+”与农业融合，实现了农业资源及产品的重新配置、集成与关联，创新了乡村发展动力。以传统农业大县为例，分析地方政府主导下电商赋能乡村振兴的产业效应，发现存在政府产业认知错位与职能发挥有限、政策效能低、产业带动与品牌资源开发不足等问题。对此地方政府在提升自身产业主导作用的同时，更需要回归电商链源头，以互联网技术为新要素赋能乡村产业的长远发展。这既有地域发展的特殊性，又有传统农业区的普遍性。基于乡村振兴战略，分析电商赋能县域乡村发展与地方政策供给间的问题所在，以更好地发挥政府在资源整合中的主导作用，进而促使二者合力的形成。     

Supply of schooling and dropout rates: Evidence from the Oportunidades programme in Mexico

In this article we provide evidence that measures of school supply, such as quantity and quality at the local level, are important predictors of dropout behaviour among conditional cash transfer beneficiaries in Mexico. We use administrative records of the Oportunidades programme in both rural and urban areas to follow the schooling trajectory of a cohort of students from sixth grade to high school. Under half of rural beneficiaries attending sixth grade make it to the tenth grade. Our regression analysis indicates that the absence of a junior high school in a locality increases the probability of dropping out after sixth grade by 6.8 percentage points; the absence of a high school increases the probability of dropping out after ninth grade by 12.2 percentage points. This means that 16% of all rural sixth‐grade students would enter tenth grade if they had junior high and high schools in their localities. Attending a low‐quality junior high school increases the probability of dropping out after ninth grade by 13 percentage points in rural areas and 7.6 percentage points in urban areas.     

Modeling of Distributed Generators Resilience Considering Lifeline Dependencies During Extreme Events

This article derives distributed generators resilience models considering lifeline dependencies during extreme events. The effects on power resilience of storage capacity, fuel delays, and fuel order placements are analyzed. Results indicate that storage capacity has an important role in improving overall power supply resilience as seen by loads. In addition, the presented models provide a quantifiable approach in evaluating fuel delivery resilience. The models facilitate studying fuel scheduling policies and local fuel storage sizing for specified resilience requirements. It is observed that tank autonomy greatly affects the flexibility in employing scheduling policies supplying fuel to generators. Resilience dependence on buffer autonomy is high during the first few days of extreme events, and this could have considerable effects on managing evacuations and rescue operations.     

我国保障性住房管理现状与完善——以重庆市为例

目前,我国保障性住房供应规模不断扩大,保障品种不断创,保障对象不断多样化,需要各地改革完善保障性住房管理体制,在供应管理上需要注意保障群体的多元化、多层次特点,在需求管理上也要不断调整保障住房进入和退出的限制条件。重庆市保障性住房管理缺乏必要的法律支撑,管理机构尚不健全,机构力量薄弱,机构职能需要进一步完善;保障性住房供应方式单一,且租金标准与中低收入者期望存在差距;保障对象扩大化影响到保障政策的公平性,准入和审核方式需进一步完善,退出监管困难。应尽快出台住房保障相关法律法规,完善政府管理机构职能,建立分工明确、层级清晰的保障性住房管理体制;采取多元化供应方式,根据住房经济支付能力确定租金,以实现科学合理的保障性住房供应;合理确定保障范围,严把进入关,实施有效的退出管理,以严格保障性住房需求管理。     

基于多阶段差别规模效应的SMC供应链调度优化

在对服务大规模定制特征分析及其服务阶段划分及界定基础上,研究了服务定制过程中不同阶段的规模效应特性及差异,探讨了服务成本、服务时间、服务能力以及服务规模效应之间的内在关系.进而,搭建了服务大规模定制模式下供应链调度优化模型及求解算法,并通过算例分析了求解算法的可行性、有效性及适用性.     

Gray Markets and Supply Chain Incentives

“Gray markets” are unauthorized channels that distribute a branded product without the manufacturer's permission. Since gray markets are not officially sanctioned by the manufacturer, their existence is assumed to hurt the manufacturer. Yet manufacturers sometimes tolerate or even encourage gray market activities. We investigate the incentives of a manufacturer and its authorized retailer to engage in (or tolerate) gray markets. The firms need to consider the trade‐off between the positive effects of a gray market (price discrimination and cost savings) and the negative effects (cannibalization of sales and a loss in consumer valuation). Generally, gray markets can be categorized into two types: (i) a “local gray market,” where a retailer diverts products to unauthorized sellers operating in the same region as the retailer; and, (ii) “bootlegging,” where the retailer diverts products to unauthorized sellers in another market where the manufacturer sells through a direct channel. We characterize the equilibrium in each type of gray market and identify conditions under which the retailer will divert products to the gray market. Incentive problems are more complicated when the retailer bootlegs and, in this case, we show that conflicting incentives may lead to the emergence of a gray market where both the manufacturer's and retailer's profits decrease.     

Building Supply Chain Resilience through Virtual Stockpile Pooling

Stockpiling inventory is an essential strategy for building supply chain resilience. It enables firms to continue operating while finding a solution to an unexpected event that causes a supply disruption or demand surge. While extremely valuable when actually deployed, stockpiles incur large holding costs and usually provide no benefits until such a time. To help to reduce this cost, this study presents a new approach for managing stockpiles. We show that if leveraged intelligently, stockpiles can also help an organization better meet its own regular demand by enabling a type of virtual pooling we call virtual stockpile pooling (VSP). The idea of VSP is to first integrate the stockpile into several locations’ regular inventory buffers and then dynamically reallocate the stockpile among these locations in reaction to the demand realizations to achieve a kind of virtual transshipment. To study how to execute VSP and determine when it can provide the most value, we formulate a stylized multi‐location stochastic inventory model and solve for the optimal stockpile allocation and inventory order policies. We show that VSP can provide significant cost savings: in some cases nearly the full holding cost of the stockpile (i.e., VSP effectively maintains the stockpile for free), in other cases nearly the savings of traditional physical inventory pooling. Last, our results prescribe implementing VSP with many locations for large stockpiles, but only a few locations for small stockpiles.     

New Product Design under Channel Acceptance: Brick‐and‐Mortar,Online‐Exclusive,or Brick‐and‐Click

In recent years, an increasing number of brick‐and‐mortar retailers have entered into the new brick‐and‐click era. Within this context, when a manufacturer presents a new product offering to a retailer, the ultimate decision is often made by the retailer regarding (1) whether to carry the new product, and (2) the channel outlet the product will be carried in (i.e., in‐store only, online‐exclusive, or brick‐and‐click). In response to this trend, we examine how a manufacturer may use product design to influence a dual‐channel retailer's outlet designation decision. This is the first study to investigate a manufacturer's optimal product design strategy when a brick‐and‐mortar retailer expands online. We demonstrate that, to induce the retailer to carry a new product both offline and online, it may not always be optimal for the manufacturer to enhance product quality (compared with when the retailer only operates offline). With the online store addition, the retailer may also be incentivized to adjust his participation criterion to a level less than what is determined by his outside option.     

横向转载应对需求突变

研究了相互竞争的零售商利用横向转载策略来应对市场需求突变的问题。以两个相互竞争的零售商为研究对象,当突发事件造成市场需求发生突变时,零售商可以选择横向转载策略来应对突变需求,建立了无突变无转载、有突变无转载和有突变有转载三种情形下两零售商的非合作博弈模型,给出了博弈存在唯一纯战略纳什均衡的充分条件,证明了对称性博弈的纯战略纳什均衡解是唯一存在的,并分析了零售商在三个纳什均衡战略下的定价和安全库存的关系。进一步分析了均衡战略与零售商竞争强度系数的单调关系,并给出了横向转载策略有效应对随机需求突变的条件及其理论证据。数值算例则从计算仿真的角度对研究结论进行了验证。研究结果表明,对于相互竞争的零售商而言,利用横向转载来应对需求突变是十分有益的,零售商的期望利润在一定条件下由于横向转载的实施而实现了帕累托改进。但较低的转载价格可能会使得零售商没有激励选择横向转载策略。因而,合理确定转载价格则是利用横向转载策略应对需求突变的关键问题。这一结论为企业实施有效的应急管理措施提供理论支持。