农村合作经济组织的发展与创新

农户作为市场主体参与竞争,越来越受小规模、分散化生产所形成的较低的组织化程度的严重制约。农民合作经济组织是发达国家农业家庭经济市场化不可替代的组织载体和有效推动器。发展农村合作经济组织,提高农户组织化程度已成为提高我国农业和农产品竞争力的必然选择。应借鉴国外合作经济组织运作经验,坚持自愿原则、进行制度创新、加强政策扶持、探索发展模式、制定法律规范,逐步引导我国农村合作经济组织走上规模化和规范化轨道。     

环境政策与企业生产技术效率——以造纸企业为例

理解环境保护与经济发展的关系是制定切实可行的环境政策的基础。在微观层面,环境政策的实施会影响污染企业的技术选择和生产效率,从而影响企业的经济绩效。这种影响制约着企业,甚至地方政府在污染控制方面的力度。该文采用造纸企业的调查数据,利用随机前沿生产函数的方法,分析了造纸企业的技术效率及其影响因素,同时在影响因素中引入COD收费率指标分析环境政策对企业效率的影响。分析结果显示,我国造纸行业在1999—2003年,在国家加大环境政策执行力度的背景下,取得了明显的效率改进,环境政策对不同类型的企业有不同的影响。这些结果为进一步改进环境政策提供了依据。     

师道即师责,师责重于山——读《李良玉历史研究与教育文选》

师道,即“教人以道”,是教师责无旁贷之职责,义不容辞之要务。师道是一种责任。《李良玉历史研究与教育文选》一书凝聚着李良玉教授浓厚的“师道即师责”传统。在学业上,他耐心和细致地教诲每一个学生;在生活上,他如同对待子女般地关心他们。李良玉教授在用自己的行动诠释着新时期师道的真谛。     

分配政策中的效率与公平问题

公平有多层含义,效率与机会公平和标准公平在本质上是统一的,效率与结果公平是辩证统一的关系,二者都不应该作为追求的终极目标,而应该在构建社会主义和谐社会这一终极目标中实现最优的组合。当前必须正确把握和处理效率与结果公平的关系,确保社会在获得较高效率的同时逐步趋向结果公平。     

语用层面的象似性考察

本文主要探讨了象似性理论在语言中的体现,着重对其四原则:数量象似性原则、距离象似性原则、顺序象似性原则、标记象似性原则在语用层面上进行了分析,论述了其在象似性话语中的功能。旨在为语用研究开辟新的视野,也为语言象似与语言功能的结合作出新的尝试     

Slack free MEA and RDM with comprehensive efficiency measures

This paper extends two directional distance function models, the Multi-directional Efficiency Analysis (MEA) Model and the Range Directional Model (RDM), in order to account for any type of technical inefficiency, i.e. both directional and non-directional inefficiencies. We first focus on the variable returns to scale (VRS) case, because both VRS-MEA and RDM are translation invariant models, which mean that both models are able to deal with negative data. Our main result is the definition of a new comprehensive efficiency measure which is units invariant and translation invariant and covers both models. Secondly, we introduce the RDM model under constant returns to scale (CRS) together with a new comprehensive efficiency measure.     

基于投入产出技术的能源效率新指标——生产能耗综合指数

随着全世界对能源需求的增加,以及全球气候变化之于人类的负面影响逐渐加剧,能源效率的高低已成为衡量一国经济、政治和环境发展的重要标志。但是现有的能源效率指标在国内国际比较中并不能更好的发挥作用,鉴于此,本文在投入产出技术框架下,提出生产能耗综合指数这一比较能源效率的新指标,以此能更加完善我国能源效率的评价体系,更加科学合理的指导经济建设,指明节能工作的主要方向。     

Finding and Implementing Energy Efficiency Projects in Industrial Facilities

This study addresses the challenges of finding and implementing profitable energy efficiency (EE) projects, a critical foundation for sustainable operations. We focus on manufacturing enterprises, but many of our findings apply also to the back office of service operations. Our starting point is that, in nearly every industrial enterprise, there are many profitable EE projects that could be implemented but are not. An oft‐cited hindrance to implementation is the lack of an internal management framework in which to find, value, and execute these projects. Using a conceptual approach, we rely on proven sustainable operations tools to develop such a framework. We identify three major value drivers of EE projects: savings intensity, “green” image, and project complexity. We then describe a framework for understanding the context of EE projects in industry, with an underlying analytic foundation in optimal portfolio analysis. A case study of a large manufacturing site is used to illustrate emerging best practices—based on Kaizen management principles—for integrating EE project management with operations, engineering, and strategy.     

Fixed‐Effects Dynamic Panel Models,a Factor Analytical Method

We consider the estimation of dynamic panel data models in the presence of incidental parameters in both dimensions: individual fixed‐effects and time fixed‐effects, as well as incidental parameters in the variances. We adopt the factor analytical approach by estimating the sample variance of individual effects rather than the effects themselves. In the presence of cross‐sectional heteroskedasticity, the factor method estimates the average of the cross‐sectional variances instead of the individual variances. The method thereby eliminates the incidental‐parameter problem in the means and in the variances over the cross‐sectional dimension. We further show that estimating the time effects and heteroskedasticities in the time dimension does not lead to the incidental‐parameter bias even when T and N are comparable. Moreover, efficient and robust estimation is obtained by jointly estimating heteroskedasticities.     

Efficiency in Games With Markovian Private Information

We study repeated Bayesian games with communication and observable actions in which the players' privately known payoffs evolve according to an irreducible Markov chain whose transitions are independent across players. Our main result implies that, generically, any Pareto‐efficient payoff vector above a stationary minmax value can be approximated arbitrarily closely in a perfect Bayesian equilibrium as the discount factor goes to 1. As an intermediate step, we construct an approximately efficient dynamic mechanism for long finite horizons without assuming transferable utility.