网上创新竞争中解答者对发布者的信任问题研究

困扰网上创新竞争发展的一个重要因素是发布者作弊问题,它降低了解答者对发布者的信任,网络平台也采取各种方法监督作弊行为。为此,研究2个紧密关联的问题:①影响解答者对发布者信任的因素;②网络平台如何设定合适的监督水平。对问题①,基于信任理论构建研究模型,通过大样本问卷调研检验假设,结果表明:现有的信誉机制作用不显著,而网络平台本身的信誉和解答者满意度对信任有显著影响。实证研究结果凸显了网络平台服务水平的重要性,也是研究问题②的驱动因素。问题②的研究方法是博弈论,通过逆向求解,分析网络平台如何平衡成本和信誉来制定监督水平。最后,给出了主要结论以及未来的研究方向。     

质量与价格双重竞争情景下的供应链协调策略分析

研究了由两个供应商和一个制造商构成的供应链系统中,在质量竞争和价格竞争同时作用下,供应链成员的协调运作策略。分析了供应链集中决策、供应商合作、供应商不合作以及混合情景下供应链成员的博弈均衡,并进一步分别讨论了价格竞争和质量竞争的激烈程度对不同情景供应链均衡解的影响。研究表明,供应商合作有助于提升供应商的质量努力程度,但会导致供应链整体利润的下降;质量竞争越激烈,在多数情景中供应商的质量努力程度就越高,这在供应商合作的情景中尤其明显,但价格竞争的激烈程度对供应商努力程度的影响较为有限,在供应商合作的情景中甚至可以忽略。     

Investigating effort–reward imbalance and work–family conflict in relation to morningness–eveningness and shift work

Abstract

An increasingly older workforce and a growing emphasis on jobs involving interaction with computers have resulted in a need to more carefully examine the relationship between ageing and computer-based work. In this study, a sample of 394 subjects ranging in age from 20-75 years performed a computer task across a 3-day period. Three different types of computer-based jobs (data entry, information retrieval, and accounts balancing) performed at three large US companies were simulated. Age differences in the subjective experience of stress, workload, and bodily discomfort were evaluated. The results indicated that age effects for these measures varied according to task. The older subjects perceived greater workload for the more mentally challenging problem-solving oriented accounts balancing task (Which involved a graphical user interface) than the younger participants, even with increased exposure to the task. However, the older subjects generally experienced less stress than the younger subjects on an information retrieval task that involved a more socially interactive telephone component. A positive relationship between the frustration component of workload and the measure of stress was also found, suggesting an important link between the constructs of stress and workload. Overall, the outcomes of this study provide important insights into design interventions intended to accommodate older as well as younger persons in the workforce.     

Testing whether reduced cognitive performance in burnout can be reversed by a motivational intervention

It has been suggested that the motivation to spend effort is decreased in burnout patients, resulting in reduced cognitive performance. A question that remains is whether this decreased motivation can be reversed by motivational interventions. We investigated this by examining the effect of a motivational intervention on cognitive performance. We presented 40 burnout patients in The Netherlands and 40 matched healthy controls with a complex attention task. As expected, in a first block of trials the performance of the burnout patients was poorer than that of healthy controls. Subsequently, we provided the participants with fake positive feedback about their performance and announced that we would financially reward those who performed best in a subsequent block of trials. Contrary to the healthy controls, the burnout patients did not improve their performance and experienced more aversion to spend effort. The study demonstrated that impaired cognitive performance in burnout patients could not be reversed by motivational interventions, which is in line with contemporary theories on burnout that state that physiological changes in burnout may underlie a relatively long-term decrease in motivation. The implication of these results is that in practice employers and therapists might need to accept that there could be a reduction in cognitive performance in employees with burnout.     

退耕还林:努力分配与补贴方式选择——退耕还林中期阶段的合作建设博弈

通过建立利益分配的委托—代理模型,对退耕还林工程中期阶段的补贴方式与努力分配的关系进行了研究。推演并证明了地方政府与农户偏好分成式补贴方式,主体在合作生产中的重要程度以及生态物品效用系数对于最优努力有正向影响。研究证明:在退耕还林中期阶段,中央政府、地方政府与农户的最优努力与各自的重要程度正相关,分成补贴方式可以提前最优努力到达的时间。在退耕还林中期阶段,分成补贴较之于一次性定额补贴,中央政府的最优努力不受影响,而地方政府与农户的最优努力均增加了。由此可知,政府应建立活立木市场、推行生态购买、加强生态环境宣传等公共政策,以期提高退耕还林工程的实施效率。     

试论新闻策划的合力导向

加入WTO之后 ,国内媒体要想做大、做强 ,加大在国际上的声音 ,必须加强新闻策划 ,必须强调新闻合力 ,因此 ,研究新闻策划的合力导向是十分重要的。事实证明 ,媒介合力导向的传播效果来自于精深的策划 ,同样 ,新闻策划也需要发挥合力导向的作用 ,两者相辅相成 ,共同促进。在新闻策划的合力导向实施过程中 ,应遵循导向正确的原则、集思广益的原则、慎重筹划的原则以及目标整合的原则 ,以保证新闻传播事业能够形成整体功能和综合效应 ,使影响新闻事业效果的各个因素朝着正确的方向、沿着最佳的路线协调一致 ,同步前进。     

Union organizing effort and success in the U.S., 1948–2004

While union density in the public sector has increased in recent decades, private sector union density in the U.S. has declined steadily since the mid-1950s. Scholars have evoked a variety of explanations to account for the decline in union membership, but substantially less attention has been devoted to understanding the contribution of the union organizing process as governed by the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). In this paper, we focus on two aspects of this process: union organizing effort (the effort to establish union representation elections to organize non-unionized workers) and union organizing success (success in winning union representation elections). Using annual time series data for the U.S. from 1948 to 2004, we show that there has been a long-term decline in both union organizing effort and union organizing success, which likely contributes to declining union density. We focus on three explanations for these changes: the political–legal environment for unions, deindustrialization and globalization, and employer opposition to unionization efforts. We find that each of these factors contributes to organizing effort and success and conclude with a discussion of the implications of this research for future mobilization efforts.     

Explaining with Intentional Omissions

Determining the human activity that social processes consist in is a central task for the philosophy of the social sciences. This paper asks: which conception of agency arising from contemporary action theory is the most suitable for social science explanation? It is argued that a movement-centered, Davidsonian picture of agency is not suitable for explaining certain social processes such as strikes and boycotts because, instead of intentional bodily movements, they are explained by the intentional omissions of agents. I propose that instead of intentional bodily movements, social processes are better explained by phenomena in which an agent is taking an active relation both to her mental or bodily processes as well as to what is happening around her. Thus, to fully explain social processes, a comprehensive theory of agency that can account for intentional actions and intentional omissions and a conception of agency that includes both materialist and volitionalist aspects is needed.     

Behavioral Determinants of Nonprofit Board Performance

There is an increased awareness that the performance of boards (good governance) is not only determined by structural determinants but by behavioral determinants as well. These behavioral determinants might be particularly important for public and nonprofit governance, where the role of the board is more diffuse and heterogeneous than in corporate governance. Here we investigate how social dynamics within boards in secondary education influence their performance. We follow a concise model that includes cognitive conflict, the use of expertise, effort norms, and social cohesion as determinants of board task performance. A survey among all secondary schools in the Netherlands serves as the empirical underpinning for this process‐oriented model of good governance. We show that the behavioral determinants have different effects on the control task and advice task of boards. Also, we find that cognitive conflicts in supervisory boards do not lead to less but rather to more social cohesion within boards. Building on these findings, we suggest a revised model of the behavioral determinants of nonprofit board performance.     

精细化社会治理的挑战及应对策略

治理民主是民主和权威两种不同来源属性的制度调和, 是通过公共权力使公共利益最大化的作用过程。天津市和平区为切实提升城市社区治理效能, 实现公共利益最大化, 以治理民主为目标指向, 以\