液相色谱串联质谱检测鳗鱼中四种氟喹诺酮残留

建立了液相色谱/串联质谱法测定鳗鱼中恩诺沙星,环丙沙星,诺氟沙星,氧氟沙星的方法。对分离和检测这四种兽药残留的液相色谱条件、质谱条件、样品前处理方法等作了详细的研究。用乙腈萃取样品中的残留物,在氮气保护下将萃取液浓缩干,加流动相1.0mL溶解残渣,正己烷液液萃取,弃上层液,下层溶液用作液相色谱分析荧光检测或质谱检测。在鳗鱼样品中添加四种残留物,添加浓度分别为0.01,0.050和0.100mg/kg,平均回收率(n=6)在70￣84.3%之间,相对标准偏差为3.0%～6.3%。     

史料引用致误原因分析

史料是史学研究的基础.但自古以来,由于种种原因,错误的或者事实模糊不清的史料很多,如果不作必要的考证鉴别,很难获得科学的研究成果.造成史料引用致误的原因是多方面的,归结起来主要有:(1)史料本身无误,由于没有正确理解原意或者标点不正确而致误;(2)史料本身无误,由于引用者推断不确而致误;(3)史料内容比较含蓄,由于引用者缺乏深入辨析而致误;(4)没有直接引用原书而致误;(5)因版本不善而造成史料的错误或脱漏;(6)史料本身就有错误.     

浅谈创新能力与文献检索利用技能

本文论述了创新能力与文献检索技能的关系。文献检索技能是现代人所必须具备的能力 ,是铸造创新能力的重要因素。并提出了文检课存的问题以及在新世纪加强文检课的一些建议。     

Trade-Offs Between Formal Home Health Care and Informal Family CareGiving

Using 1994 National Long Term Care Survey data, we estimated logistic regressions of formal and informal home health care use and hours. Home health care use and intensity were differentially impacted by chronic conditions, are higher for Medicaid enrollees and rural or small town residents, but lower for HMO enrollees. Decreases in the probability of home health care use increased informal instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) support four hours and decreased informal activities of daily living (ADL) support eight hours weekly. IADL caregiving substituted for formal care, but ADL caregiving declined with reductions in formal care. Public policy reducing formal home health care access may reduce informal ADL caregiving and increase informal IADL caregiving, producing net declines in support.     

城市公共空间与大众健康--19世纪英国城市公园发展的启示

在城市发展和改造过程中,英国近代城市先后着手进行城市公共空间———公园建设,从而掀起了一场造园运动。这场运动既是英国城市发展的必然结果,同时也是解决城市环境问题、提高大众健康水平的需要。而公园等公共空间的建设,为居民提供了一个锻炼与休闲的空间,有利于提高居民的健康水平。健康的人居环境,为各阶层民众提供了聚会的场所,体现了社会成员和谐相处的精神,成为英国资本主义成熟的重要表现之一。     

大学生自我表露的比较研究

目的:考察主动到心理咨询中心求助的大学生自我表露和孤独状况并与普通大学生的资料进行比较;考察来访者对咨询员的自我表露与其他目标人的表露之差异。结果发现:求询大学生与普通大学生的自我表露相比显著地低;求询大学生对咨询员的表露比其他目标人的表露显著地高;求询大学生的孤独感明显地高于普通大学生;心理咨询在大学生发展过程中起着重要的作用。     

Improving the contributions of technology assessment to the health care system of the U.S.A.

Summary Based on 14 case studies of highly effective therapies and the reasons they succeeded less frequently than they could, we propose a variety of steps to improve the health care system of the U.S.A. Whatever proposal emerges from current national debates until innovations are shown to be safe and effective, they should not be supported; when slightly better technologies are much more expensive than other good ones we need to consider appropriate choices carefully; simplified billing and bookkeping would reduce our costs; when a technology is rapidly introduced cautionnary measures may be needed; tracking immunization and repairing their omissions requires a new system; educational programs such as seen effective in hypertension should be applied in other areas such as vaccination; in organ transplantation the nation should consider “presumed consent”; our payment system sometimes creates perverse incentives and therefore needs review; and the preferences of the public in allocation of health resources need to be discovered once the public is informed about the issues. Research supported by Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.     

Fuzzy K-means clustering models for triangular fuzzy time trajectories

We focus our attention on the classification of fuzzy time trajectories with triangular membership function, described by a given set of individuals. To this purpose, we adopt a fullyinformational approach, explicitly recognizing the informational nature shared by the ingredients of the classification procedure: the observed data (Empirical Information) and the classification model (Theoretical Information). In particular, by supposing that the informational paradigm has a fuzzy nature, we suggest three fuzzy clustering models allowing the classification of the triangular fuzzy time trajectories, based on the analysis of the cross sectional and/or longitudinal characteristics of their components (centers and spreads). Two applicative examples are illustrated.     

压力型体制下乡镇治理的特点及负面影响

压力型体制下 ,乡镇治理的特点主要表现为“目标责任”管理、“选择性激励”泛滥、“正式权力的非正式运用”以及“政绩工程”与“造假”等。这些做法“虚化”了政权 ,制约了村民自治的成长 ,并有可能引起治理危机。因此 ,必须加以解决。     

社区卫生服务中心与医院手术费用的比较研究

目的:比较社区卫生服务中心及各级医院常见手术费用;社区卫生服务中心手术是否便捷、低耗,有无保留的必要。方法:调研南京市社区卫生服务中心及各级医院常见手术的单病种费用,社区卫生服务中心与各级医院的费用做统计分析比较。结果:社区卫生服务中心单病种手术平均住院费用明显低于与各级医院。结论:从经济学的角度分析,各级医院手术费用差别很大,在规范和安全的前提下,社区卫生服务中心保留基本的手术功能是符合社区居民需求和社区卫生服务自身发展需要的。