立法语言的语体(下)

立法语言是准确表达立法意图、立法目的和体现立法政策的一种专门载体,比一般的语言文字严谨、规范、简洁、通俗、明确。法律文本大到行文成篇,小至遣词用字,都应当予以足够的重视,要求既符合作为法律行业特殊语体的习惯和规则,也要符合国家通用语言文字(普通话)的语法、语义要求。根据我国立法文本的用字和用词、立法语言的口语以及立法语言的外来词等方面的统计、分析和研究,我们发现立法语言具有通用语言文字和特殊行业语言的双重特点,自然也要接受、符合通用语言文字和法律行业语言的双重规范。     

Conditional entropy,entropy density,and strong law of large numbers for generalized controlled tree-indexed Markov chains

In this paper, we first introduces a tree model without degree boundedness restriction namely generalized controlled tree T, which is an extension of some known tree models, such as homogeneous tree model, uniformly bounded degree tree model, controlled tree model, etc. Then some limit properties including strong law of large numbers for generalized controlled tree-indexed non homogeneous Markov chain are obtained. Finally, we establish some entropy density properties, monotonicity of conditional entropy, and entropy properties for generalized controlled tree-indexed Markov chains.     

问题类型划分方法视野下的犯罪概念研究

在问题类型划分方法的视野下,犯罪概念问题应该属于纯粹刑法学问题中的解释选择问题,但刑法学界以往有关犯罪概念的讨论却大多将其作为刑法问题中的价值判断问题。由于未能妥当确定犯罪概念的问题类型,从而使学界有关犯罪概念的讨论未能达成最低限度的学术共识。作为纯粹刑法学问题中的解释选择问题,形式与实质相结合的混合犯罪概念不存在被替代的必要性,而犯罪概念也不应被规定在刑法典中。     

Evidential inference for diffusion-type processes

This article analyses diffusion-type processes from a new point-of-view. Consider two statistical hypotheses on a diffusion process. We do not use a classical test to reject or accept one hypothesis using the Neyman–Pearson procedure and do not involve Bayesian approach. As an alternative, we propose using a likelihood paradigm to characterizing the statistical evidence in support of these hypotheses. The method is based on evidential inference introduced and described by Royall [Royall R. Statistical evidence: a likelihood paradigm. London: Chapman and Hall; 1997]. In this paper, we extend the theory of Royall to the case when data are observations from a diffusion-type process instead of iid observations. The empirical distribution of likelihood ratio is used to formulate the probability of strong, misleading and weak evidences. Since the strength of evidence can be affected by the sampling characteristics, we present a simulation study that demonstrates these effects. Also we try to control misleading evidence and reduce them by adjusting these characteristics. As an illustration, we apply the method to the Microsoft stock prices.     

Responding to child deaths: the work of Australia's Victorian Child Death Review Committee

The Victorian Child Death Review Committee (VCDRC) in Australia is a multidisciplinary Ministerial Advisory Committee established to review the deaths of children either currently child protection clients or known to the statutory child protection system. The Committee provides advice about each child death as well as insights into what are the surrounding patterns and issues. Key to this role is examining the contribution of the service sectors to the protection of children and the routine practices that are in place to respond to children and vulnerability. This paper provides a snapshot of the cases referred to the VCDRC and the key messages for practice drawn from them. What emerges is that often the threshold for when statutory child protection services must be involved in child and family matters can be ambiguous and that agreement about intervention, the level and nature of need or risk, and when cumulative harm and neglect require statutory responses are not always shared between agencies. It is clear that the lack of common frameworks about what constitutes child protection intervention challenges services. It is recommended that there be and used agreed definitions and frameworks to ensure shared understandings and collaborative responses across the service and legal systems.     

我国物权法中的不动产登记制度

不动产登记是各国物权立法中一项极为重要的内容，我国的物权法对于物权变动公示方法之一的不动产登记制度做出了明确规定，这些规定不仅保持了现行有关不动产登记制度的稳定性和连续性，而且根据现实需要创设了一些适应社会需求的制度，呈现出一定的创新性。从不动产登记的概念、性质出发，介绍了我国物权法关于此制度存在的一些不足，并提出相关的完善建议。     

Access to justice for Aboriginal People in the Northern Territory

This article discusses research in the Northern Territory on Aboriginal civil and family law needs. It is based on focus group discussions and interviews with legal services providers and other associated organisations. The article argues that key areas of legal need involve discrimination, housing, child protection, social security, credit/debt and consumer law problems. It further argues that welfare conditionality, particularly as embodied in the NT Intervention and subsequent Stronger Futures policies, has exacerbated the need for legal assistance and advocacy for Aboriginal people.     

竞业限制条款法律适用及其完善

企业基于商业秘密之保护和维持永续竞争力,通常要求员工签订竞业限制协议或条款,其中涉及商业秘密保护权和员工劳动就业权的冲突。因我国目前相关法律规定零散而不成体系,因此应合理构建竞业限制条款的具体制度,规定一般员工的法定竞业限制义务,明确竞业限制的主体、适用范围、经济补偿、违约责任、期限等,准确理解违反竞业限制义务的责任构成及其责任形式是实现权利冲突的合理解决和劳资双方共赢的最佳途径。     

中澳合同法诚实信用原则比较研究

诚实信用原则是适用整个民事合同的基本原则，如何正确理解并在司法审判中正确适用诚实信用原则，既是一个严肃的理论问题也是一个重要的现实问题。通过介绍澳大利亚学者和法官的不同观点和澳大利亚合同法中的诚实信用规则的基本含义，然后对我国合同法中诚实信用原则的内容和要求做出总结并与澳大利亚合同法中的诚实信用规则进行比较，最后提出应借鉴澳大利亚合同法诚实信用规则的理念，将主观诚实，客观诚实和合理考虑其他当事人利益三方面内容纳入到我国的诚实信用原则之中。     

德教、德政与道德法律化——论德治的三种解释

关于德治，有三种重要的解释，也即德教、德政与道德法律化。它们都有各自的问题。德治作为德教的问题在于:德治如何能成为与法治比肩的治国方略?在证成德治时，如何能够从关于道德功用的事实判断推出德治这一价值判断?如何证成道德建设的可行性与有效性?如何证成国家介入道德建设的正当性和必要性?德治作为德政的问题是:德政已是人类社会的常识，似乎没有必要借助于德治的概念来推广，而且它无法很好地解释人们提出德治理念时心中已有的德治与法治的背景关系。德治作为道德法律化面临的挑战是:它可能会危及人们自由选择自己道德生活的权利，毁损人生的意义与价值，扰乱人们的道德认知与评价，并使得法律必须满足的一些要件难以实现，影响法律规则的合理性。