演变中的电子商务仲裁:国际行业仲裁的新路径

电子商务的发展导致了越来越多基于电子商务交易而产生的纠纷,对于这些纠纷采用行业仲裁的手段解决显然是提供了一条简便、高效、公正的路径。电子商务需要仲裁,特别是行业仲裁作为其纠纷解决途径。构建电子商务行业仲裁的路径中,分析相关基本概念及其构建的路径,也探讨了电子商务行业仲裁的建立对我国的相关影响。希望能通过本文,对电子商务的行业仲裁的构建起到抛砖引玉的效用,使更多人能够关注这一国际行业仲裁新领域的产生与发展。     

Percival Kirby’s wax cylinders: elegy on archiving a deaf spot

Anthills of the Savannah by Chinua Achebe. London: Heinemann, 1987.

Language Policy and National Unity in South Africa/Azania by Neville Alexander. Cape Town: Buchu Books, 1989.

Black Valour: The South African Native Labour Contingent and the Sinking of the ‘Mendi’ by Norman Clothier. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press, 1987.

The Devils Are Among Us. The War For Namibia by Denis Herbstein and John Evenson. London: Zed Press, 1989.

Modernising Hunger: Famine, Food Surplus and Farm Policy in the EEC and Africa by Philip Raikes. London: Catholic Institute for International Relations with James Currey and Heinemann, 1988.

Childhood in Crossroads. Cognition and Society in South Africa by Pamela Reynolds. Cape Town: David Phillip, 1989.

The Praises of Dingana (Izibongo zikaDingana) edited by D.K. Rycroft and A.B. Ngcobo. Durban: Killie Campbell Africana Library and Pietermaritz‐burg: University of Natal Press, 1988.

Matigari by Ngugi wa Thiong'o. Translated from the Gikuyu by Wangui wa Goro London: Heinemann African Writers Series, 1989.     

职务犯罪调查中电子数据取证程序的完善

在大数据背景下,电子数据逐渐成为监察机关调查职务犯罪案件的重要依据.然而,目前对电子数据的取证程序规定还不完善,存在取证主体资格不明、取证措施粗疏、监督程序缺失等问题,不利于准确查明职务犯罪行为,更不利于保护被调查人的合法权利.因此,职务犯罪调查中电子数据取证程序应当遵循合法性原则、专业性原则以及比例原则,明确电子数据取证主体的资格与取证权限,细化电子数据取证措施,完善电子数据取证的监督程序,进而实现程序正义与保障人权的重要价值.     

Explaining the High False Positive Rate of the South Oaks Gambling Screen

The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) has been used extensively in estimating the prevalence of pathological gambling but produces a large number of false positive classifications. Ladouceur et al. (, Journal of Gambling Studies, 16, pp. 1–24) claim that misunderstanding of SOGS items is responsible for the high false positive rate. However, their study is open to a number of methodological criticisms. The current study, where clinical and non-clinical gamblers complete the SOGS with and without clarification, overcomes these problems. Results suggest that clarification does not have a significant overall effect on SOGS scores. This implies that item misunderstanding is not responsible for the false positive rate of the SOGS.     

Access or adaptation? A meta-analysis of surveys of problem gambling prevalence in Australia and New Zealand with respect to concentration of electronic gaming machines

It is widely believed that greater availability of electronic gaming machines (EGMs) has led to increases in problem gambling prevalence and related harms. It has also been proposed that individuals and populations adapt to exposure over time and that prevalence rates plateau or decline, even in the face of increasing availability. This study examines both hypotheses using a combined data set of 34 problem gambling surveys conducted in Australia and New Zealand since 1991. Strong statistically meaningful relationships were found for an increase in prevalence with increasing per capita density of EGMs, consistent with the access hypothesis and supported by no evidence of plateauing of prevalence with increasing density of EGMs. A decrease in prevalence over time with availability held constant is also evident, partially consistent with adaptation. It is likely that both forces are at work simultaneously, with implications for appropriate policy responses to gambling harm minimisation.     

Games of chance or masters of illusion: multiline slots design may promote cognitive distortions

Problem gamblers often have distorted beliefs about gambling, including illusion of control and gambler's fallacy. Most multiline slots games allow players to adjust the number of wagered paylines and the amount bet per line, and over time this control may support incorrect conclusions and promote distorted gambling beliefs. We created software to run simulations of a popular multiline slots game and examined the effects of betting on single versus multiple paylines. Simultaneous multiline betting tends to produce a less varied gambling experience because it increases the frequency of legitimate wins and ‘losses disguised as wins’, while decreasing the occurrence of ‘big wins’. It also shortens consecutive series of losing spins and it prolongs the time a typical player takes to exhaust funds. Indirect control over losing streaks may give some players the false impression that they can play skilfully and predict the occurrence of wins. However, applying five different wagering strategies in our simulations showed that none had any real effect on the average percentage of wagers that would be ‘paid back’ to players as prizes. Player control over multiline slots games may lead frequent gamblers to incorrect conclusions that sustain excessive play despite recurring losses.     

The Experience of Gambling and its Role in Problem Gambling

This paper reports on the results of a psychological study conducted in Ontario, Canada, that attempted to answer the question of why some people develop gambling problems while others do not. A group of social gamblers (n = 38), sub-clinical problem gamblers (n = 33) and pathological gamblers (n = 34) completed a battery of questionnaires. Compared to non-problem gamblers, pathological gamblers were more likely to report experiencing big wins early in their gambling career, stressful life events, impulsivity, depression, using escape to cope with stress and a poorer understanding of random events. We grouped these variables into three risk factors: cognitive/experiential, emotional and impulsive and tested the extent to which each risk factor could differentiate non-problem and pathological gamblers. Each risk factor correctly identified about three-quarters of the pathological gamblers. More than half (53%) of the pathological gamblers had elevated scores on all three risk factors. Interestingly, 60% of the sub-clinical cases had elevated scores on only one risk factor. The results are interpreted in terms of a bio-psycho-social model of gambling addiction.     

Gamblers can discriminate ‘tight’ from ‘loose’ electronic gambling machines

All slot machines make money over time, but the payouts to the players can differ. ‘Loose’ machines pay out more than ‘tight’ machines. Gamblers (n = 1402) at Ontario slots venues were assessed using the Problem Gambling Severity Index. Their beliefs about slots were polled using the Informational Biases Scale. Problem gamblers were more likely than non-problem and at-risk gamblers to endorse the belief that ‘some slot machines keep me from winning because they are programmed to produce fewer wins than normal’. We then showed that after extensive play (60 hours), 9 out of 10 gamblers were able to correctly discriminate a ‘loose’ machine (98% payback) from a ‘tight’ machine (85% payback). Problem gamblers' assertions that there are ‘loose’ and ‘tight’ machines demonstrate a belief rooted in reality. The ability to distinguish ‘loose’ from ‘tight’ machines may be interpreted as a skill by players. Such skill, when overestimated, may lead to erroneous cognitions.     

Misinterpreting ‘winning’ in multiline slot machine games

On multiline slot machines, ‘wins’ often amount to less than the spin wager, resulting in a monetary loss to the gambler. Nevertheless, these losses disguised as wins (LDWs) are accompanied by potentially reinforcing audiovisual feedback. A concern for gambling behaviour is whether or not players categorize LDWs as wins or losses, as miscategorization could effectively increase the reinforcement rate of these games. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether novice gamblers psychologically miscategorize LDWs. Forty-seven novices (undergraduate students) played 200 spins on an actual slot machine with credits, then estimated how often they won. It was found that the more LDWs players were exposed to, the higher their win estimates. In a subsequent ‘think out loud’ playing session, the majority of novices also verbally miscategorized LDWs as wins. We conclude that LDWs could increase the reinforcement rate of these games, despite not increasing the payout to the gambler.     

线上与线下交易行为浅究——从中国中小企业B2B电子商务模式分析

本文主要从中国中小企业B2B电子商务模式的角度,结合中国中小企业B2B电子商务发展现状、结合阿里巴巴的实例,对B2B企业电子商务活动中线上与线下交易行为分离的原因分析。并针对其原因,阐述理论支持和解决方案。同时阐释本人经分析产生的,对中国中小企业B2B电子商务活动中线上和线下行为发展趋势的预测,以及因中小企业B2B电子商务活动而产生的支付问题的发展趋势的预测。