浅论人体器官捐赠行为的法律效力

文章对人体器官捐赠行为的法律性质进行了概述,分析了人体器官捐赠行为生效的要件是完全民事行为能力人、意思表示自愿和真实、不得违反法律或社会公共利益。并试图进一步明确人体器官捐赠行为的法律效力：捐赠人的权利包括自主自愿权、生命健康权、知情同意权、隐私权、获取补偿的权利,捐赠人有如实告知自己健康状况的义务;受赠人的权利包括生命健康权、知情同意权、隐私权,受赠人有支付医疗费和对供体补偿的义务。     

抗战时期的湖南募捐

抗战时期,湖南人民积极开展募捐活动,慷慨解囊。募捐的主要形式有献机运动、征募寒衣、义卖、献金、出钱劳军等,并表现出形式多样、范围广泛、组织有方、数额巨大等特点。湖南的募捐,鼓舞了抗日将士的士气,有力地支持了全国的抗战。     

Adolescents Conceived through Donor Insemination in Mother‐Headed Families: A Qualitative Study of Motivations and Experiences of Contacting and Meeting Same‐donor Offspring

This study interviewed adolescents conceived using sperm donation to examine their experiences of contacting and meeting ‘same‐donor offspring’ (i.e. donor‐conceived offspring raised in different families who share the same donor), their motivations for this contact, and how they make meaning of these relationships. This in‐depth qualitative study involved semi‐structured interviews with 23 young people aged 12–19 years (mean = 14 years). Interviewees were motivated by curiosity about their biological relations and by wanting to extend their family. Contact with same‐donor offspring was described as being either normal/neutral or as a unique experience that was integrated into their identity. This study highlights the importance of contact between same donor offspring, particularly during adolescence, a developmental stage associated with identity formation. The findings have important policy implications as they suggest that donor‐conceived individuals may benefit from contact with others conceived using the same donor prior to the age of 18 years.     

Knowledge sharing for innovation performance improvement in micro/SMEs: an insight from the creative sector

Abstract

As economies become more reliant on innovative, knowledge-intensive firms, understanding the interaction between knowledge and improving innovation performance is increasingly important. Although most UK businesses are micro, small or medium-sized enterprises (micro/SMEs), knowledge management research has tended to focus on large companies Knowledge sharing can be critical for innovation performance, especially for smaller players with limited resources. Our study presents an insight from micro/SMEs operating in the highly knowledge-intensive and innovative games/entertainment software development sector. Using a mixed method approach, we investigate knowledge sharing and its contribution to firm innovation performance improvements. Our findings suggest that micro/SMEs are at the forefront of the creative sector precisely because of their smaller size. Our study reveals evidence of knowledge donation but limited evidence of knowledge collection in the knowledge sharing process. We develop a model highlighting the importance of industry context, individual knowledge and organizational size in knowledge sharing for innovation performance.     

Unaddressed problems and research perspectives in scheduling blood collection from donors

Many optimisation problems arise in managing the Blood Donation (BD) supply chain. Most of them have been addressed in the literature, while other problems, e.g. donation scheduling, have not been sufficiently addressed so far. However, blood collection from donors may have a disruptive impact on the entire BD supply chain if not properly managed. For example, scheduling donation appointments based on some system metrics may improve the flow of blood units through the BD supply chain and increase the quality of service perceived by donors. In this short communication, we present the donation scheduling problem and highlight the lack of work in the literature that deals with this problem. Then, we analyse the impact of an unbalanced flow of blood units on the BD system and the benefits that may derive from a suitable appointment scheduling. Finally, we propose suggestions for future research in BD collection scheduling that may improve the BD process.     

我国企业捐赠的法律问题

针对企业捐赠的概念、实质以及必要性等进行探讨,对我国企业捐赠的现状进行分析,从企业本身利益与企业社会责任相互统一的角度出发,对如何解决我国企业捐赠法律制度的存在问题与如何完善我国企业捐赠的立法提出了看法,主张以平衡好企业各利益相关者的利益为原则,将捐赠行为的法律性质、捐赠程序以及具体捐赠事项等在法律中予以明确。通过建立诚信评价、奖励等激励机制,使我国企业在兼顾社会利益与企业利益基础上得到又好又快发展。     

社会责任与公司捐赠

追求股东利益最大化是公司的首要目标,承担社会责任是公司的次要目标。公司的捐赠行为是公司社会责任的一个方面,是具有一定道义特质的公司社会责任的表现形式。我国应参照西方发达国家的经验,确立以"合理性标准"为核心,股东利益优先并兼顾社会利益的公司捐赠体系。对此,我们主张,应对公司捐赠的目的、资金来源和数额、公司捐赠程序、公司股东和债权人的权利救济机制、公司捐赠的法律激励机制等方面,作出明确的法律规制。     

Exploring the Use of the Stages of Change Model to Increase Organ Donations Among African Americans

Abstract

The success of organ transplants is affected by the degree of antigen match between donor and recipient. With organ transplants among African Americans, finding a good antigen match is difficult. While the consent rate for organ donations among Caucasians is 50%, this rate among African Americans is only 12%. The resulting ratio of donors to “recipients” is 1 to 9 in African Americans. The majority of organs received by African Americans come from Caucasian donors, thereby reducing the probability of an antigen match and increasing the probability of organ rejection. These circumstances could be improved if the organ donation rate eamong African Americans was increased. There is some empirical support for the theory that behavior change occurs through identifiable stages. This paper presents evidence for the construct validity of a stage of change measure suitable for use in designing and evaluating attempts to promote organ donations in the African American community. Use of this measure also permits clinicians to assess how receptive a client will be to organ donation promotional material. Use of this measure offers the possibility of refining approaches to organ donations among African Americans. Increases in the donor rate will result in a larger pool of antigen compatible organs in this subpopulation.     

Experiences of Families Inquiring About Donating or Adopting Embryos: Results of an Online Survey

Four hundred thirty-four individuals who had previously inquired with the National Embryo Donation Center (NEDC) or Nightlight Christian Adoptions about donating or adopting embryos responded to an online survey regarding which issues had been raised with them during their inquiry and how well they perceived NEDC and/or Nightlight had answered their questions regarding those issues. In general, respondents perceived that the operational issues surrounding donating or adopting embryos received more attention than the longer-term issues involving family dynamics and relationships. Overall, the inquirers were pleased with the responses to their questions (average >8 on a satisfaction scale of 1–10).     

Righting anachronistic exclusions: The ethics of blood donation by men who have sex with men

ABSTRACT

Recently, the FDA announced that it would soon lift the long-standing lifetime ban on blood donation by men who have sex with men (MSM). Reexamining blood donation by MSM, it is clear that there are several ethical goods that must be balanced. Through balancing the primary duty to safety with the imperatives to craft a policy that is formally equal, upholds the public's trust, and is nondiscriminatory, an ethical blood donation deferral guideline may be advanced, both for MSM and the population at large.