LMDI方法分析结构效应对天津市碳排放的影响及对策

文章对1995—2010年天津市能源消费碳排放进行分析,基于对数平均迪氏指数法（ LMDI）,对碳排放进行因素分解实证研究,并进行情景分析,寻求天津市碳减排对策。研究发现,虽然人均GDP效应、人口效应以及能源强度效应贡献量相对较大,但结构效应对于天津碳排放的影响也不容忽视,其对于能源消费碳排放的拉动或减缓作用与低碳能源比重、第三产业比重的大小有很强的关联性。情景分析进一步表明优化产业及能源结构对碳减排的积极作用。     

基于Fréchet Copula的欧式脆弱期权定价

运用Fréchet Copula和相关性测度Kendallτ来刻画脆弱期权行权概率与对手方违约之间的相关结构,并给出了欧式脆弱看涨期权价格的闭形式表达式.然后由Kendallτ和标的资产价格与执行价格比率的不同数值,对欧式脆弱看涨期权的价格进行了数值计算和敏感性分析.结果表明,随着τ值的增加和标的资产价格与执行价格比率的降低,欧式脆弱看涨期权的价值相应地呈下降趋势,这与理论结果和实际都是相符的.     

与多边开发银行和发展融资有关的几个问题及其思考

在回顾过去多边开发银行在减贫与全球发展融资进程中的理论与实践的基础上,提出了对现行减贫理论及其应用现状中存在的问题。针对上述问题,阐述了多边开发银行的作用,以及发达国家与发展中国家在相关问题上的分歧,最后探讨了多边开发银行未来发展方向,并对广大发展中国家如何积极有效地参与全球发展进程,维护和争取自身利益提出了若干政策建议。     

再探政府机构改革“黄宗羲定律”破解之法

被动适应性改革、机构撤并与职能转变缺乏有效互动、改革重横轻纵等诸多原因导致我国历次政府机构改革难以摆脱精简--膨胀--再精简--再膨胀的循环,终陷入"黄宗羲定律"怪圈.建设学习型与服务型政府,实现政府结构与功能互动,横纵改革结合,形成网络化改革治理格局,建立现代公共人力资源管理制度,加强财政监督与立法等,是21世纪我国政府机构改革跳出这一怪圈的出路所在.     

论促进山东半岛蓝色经济区建设的财产权路径——以温室气体排放权交易为视角

温室气体排放权是在指定时期内排放一定数量温室气体的权利,它也是一项财产权。温室气体排放权交易分为总量控制型交易与基线和信用型交易两类。温室气体排放权交易不仅可以有效地降低碳减排的成本,还可以催生新的经济增长点——碳汇经济。在山东半岛蓝色经济区推行温室气体排放权交易,既可以引导产业结构向低碳转型,又可以创新海洋经济的发展模式,应选择基线和信用型交易的模式。通过创建温室气体排放权交易市场,为山东半岛蓝色经济区海洋碳汇经济的发展提供平台。     

碳排放影响下的动态配送车辆路径优化研究

本文考虑碳排放对动态配送车辆路径的影响,研究了客户需求点增减、客户需求量变化及配送路线交通中断三种情形下的配送车辆路径优化问题。首先,通过构建虚拟客户点,将动态车辆路径优化问题转化为静态车辆路径优化问题。其次,构建了基于改进遗传算法的动态车辆路径优化模型。最后,对比分析了考虑碳排放影响前后的动态车辆路径优化。研究结果表明：在满足时间窗要求的情况下,虽然考虑碳排放的动态车辆路径的总行驶距离增加了3.59 km,但碳排放成本和总配送成本分别下降了7.45%和1%;同时与静态车辆路径相比,在动态车辆路径问题中考虑碳排放可以使碳排放成本及总配送成本下降的更多,因此在动态车辆路径问题中考虑碳排放更具有价值意义。     

“双积分”政策下汽车制造商竞争定价与减排策略研究

"双积分"政策的实施对汽车制造商的定价决策产生了重要影响。考虑卖方由同时生产燃油车和新能源汽车的制造商1和仅生产新能源汽车的制造商2组成,在消费者低碳偏好和价格竞争影响下分别针对制造商1对燃油车采取和不采取节能减排措施的情况,研究"双积分"政策下汽车制造商的定价策略和减排决策,探讨新能源汽车积分值和积分比例要求对政府和企业决策的作用效果。进一步,通过对不同情形的结果进行分析,得到"双积分"政策的出台、消费者低碳偏好及制造商采取节能减排措施对制造商定价和减排决策带来的变化,并通过算例分析验证了结论。研究结果表明:(1)"双积分"政策可以降低新能源汽车的价格,提高新能源汽车制造商的利润,促进燃油车主动减排。(2)当新能源汽车的需求价格弹性系数和需求交叉价格弹性系数处于较高水平时,政府要制定较高的每台新能源汽车积分值。(3)燃油车的油耗水平存在一个环境属性标准,当油耗水平低于一定值时,随着新能源汽车积分比例要求的不断增大,制造商1选择提高燃油车价格。(4)消费者低碳偏好是提高燃油车减排水平的重要因素,政府可以对减排技术先进的燃油车制造商进行低油耗认证,提高消费者低油耗燃油车需求,激励燃油车制...     

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Risk-Reduction Strategies for Consumer Chemical Products

Communication about risks offers a voluntary approach to reducing exposure to pollutants. Its adequacy depends on its impact on behavior. Estimating those impacts first requires characterizing current activities and their associated risk levels, and then predicting the effectiveness of risk-reduction strategies. Characterizing the risks from chemical consumer products requires knowledge of both the physical and the behavioral processes that influence exposures. This article presents an integrated approach that combines consumer interviews, users' beliefs and behaviors, and quantitative exposure modeling. This model was demonstrated in the context of consumer exposure to a methylene chloride-based paint stripper, showing how it could be used to evaluate current levels of risk and predict the effectiveness of proposed voluntary risk-reduction strategies.     

Behavior in Multi‐Unit Demand Auctions: Experiments with Uniform Price and Dynamic Vickrey Auctions

We experimentally investigate the sensitivity of bidders demanding multiple units of a homogeneous commodity to the demand reduction incentives inherent in uniform price auctions. There is substantial demand reduction in both sealed bid and ascending price clock auctions with feedback regarding rivals' drop‐out prices. Although both auctions have the same normal form representation, bidding is much closer to equilibrium in the ascending price auctions. We explore the behavioral process underlying these differences along with dynamic Vickrey auctions designed to eliminate the inefficiencies resulting from demand reduction in the uniform price auctions.     

Spatial Distribution of Flood Risk and Quality of Spatial Management: Case Study in Odra Valley,Poland

This article presents methodological solutions aimed at presenting the spatial distribution of flood risk and quality of spatial management (land use), indicating both those areas used reasonably and those requiring modification. The purpose was to identify key risk areas and risk‐free areas from the point of view of human security and activity on the floodplains, based on the examples of the vicinities of Wroclaw and Raciborz in the Odra Valley, Poland. Due to recent climate change, Poland has suffered the effects of severe flooding (e.g., 1997, 2001, 2010). The analyses conducted were motivated by the European Parliament and Council's recently implemented Directive 2007/60/WE, as well as by the demand for studies for local spatial planning. The analysis indicates that reasonably developed areas do not account for the majority of those studied, making up 36% of the Wroclaw area and 15% of the Raciborz area.