对“排污权”的几点质疑--以“排污权”交易为视角

“排污权”不仅在国外相关的立法和司法实践中不存在,而且在理论上也无法成立。“排污权”交易向社会传递一种错误的价值判断,违背了环境正义的要求,无法激励排污者进行技术创新和持续减排,对环境保护的作用微不足道。“排污权”交易的实质就是政府管制的市场化扭曲和变异。在排污总量控制和排污配额制度下,用必要的奖励和惩罚措施取代“排污权”交易是较为可行的选择。     

基于多层次和多学科复杂系统科学的城市碳排放调控机理研究

低碳城市是一个涉及产业、建筑、交通、管理、生活方式及法律法规、伦理道德等多层次、多层面的复杂系统工程.本文通过城市碳排放源头、影响因素分析,基于多层次的城市碳减排机理分析和基于多学科复杂系统科学的城市碳减排调控机理分析,提出要充分发挥政府的引导作用,着力发挥市场的主导作用,加强技术、制度、观念的创新与整合,加快城市产业结构升级,营造低碳消费环境与倡导低碳消费理念,促进城市发展向低碳经济转型.     

电力行业节能减排评价指标体系研究

电力行业是我国国民经济的基础性行业。作为二次能源,电力在生产和生活中发挥着重要的动力能源作用,而国民经济是否能够健康稳定地发展,其关键因素就在于动力能否持续稳定地有效供给。受诸多因素影响,当前我国电力行业的运行水平和能源利用效率较低。在分析电力行业节能减排现状的基础上,建立电力行业节能减排评价指标体系,并提出加强电力行业节能降耗工作的一系列建议与措施。     

Spacing Between Births in Odisha,India

Birth spacing is of considerable importance to study the tempo and quantum of fertility. Using data from the National Family Health Survey III, this study explored the birth interval dynamics in Odisha, an eastern state of India. The life table analysis of spacing between births clearly suggests that birth spacing in the recent past has increased and the proportion of women moving to the second, third, and fourth parity has declined, leading to the decline in fertility in Odisha. From the proportional hazards model, educational level of women, age of women at previous birth, sex and survival status of the previous child, and the period effect are found to be important determinants of birth spacing at higher parities. Socioeconomic differences do not show a large effect at lower order births. This highlights the fact that most women in Odisha, regardless of their background characteristics, tend to have second births.     

Client Evaluations of Therapeutic Processes and Outcomes in a University Mental Health Center

Abstract

Evaluations of therapeutic processes and outcomes by clients, therapists, and independent third parties are all important dimensions in an overall system of accountability for a college mental health facility. This study focused on client evaluation. All clients (N = 287) who used mental health services in a large midwestern university during a two-week period completed an evaluative questionnaire. In contrast to previous satisfaction studies that focused on overall satisfaction, this study examined specific therapist and client tasks and their relationship to outcomes. The findings indicate that different types of client evaluation items yield somewhat different results. Those specific evaluation items have varying relationships with overall measures of client satisfaction and problem improvement. The study also pointed to the importance of looking at sex differences in client evaluations of therapy and at differences among therapists in their relative success in working with clients with differing problems.

“The Diagnosis of Testicular Torsion,” Bruce E. Haynes, Howard A. Bessen, and Vital E. Haynes. Prompt diagnosis of testicular torsion remains difficult. Since warning symptoms occur in one third of patients and salvage rates correspond to the interval between symptom onset and operation, higher salvage rates should be achievable. Separating torsion from epididymitis is complicated by overlapping ages of peak incidence, shared symptoms, and the need for rapid distinction of the two. Doppler studies (88% accuracy) and nuclear scans (95% accuracy) help confirm the diagnosis, but correct technique is essential, and their use should not delay prompt operation. The diagnosis of epididymitis should be made cautiously in persons younger than the age of 35 years. (Journal of the American Medical Association 1983;249:2522–2527.)

“Hepatitis and Jaundice Associated with Measles in Young Adults: An Analysis of 65 Cases,” Dov Gavish, Yosef Kleinman, Abraham Morag, Tova Chajek-Shaul. We analyzed the clinical course of 65 adult patients hospitalized because of measles during the years 1975 and 1981–1982. Liver involvement was found in 80% (52/65) of the patients, five patients had clinical jaundice. The disturbances of liver function tests reached their peak values between days 5 and 10 of the disease. In this study of measles in adulthood we have three observations of unusual interest: (1) hepatitis occurs commonly in the more severely ill patients and it may manifest clinically as jaundice; (2) long-term follow-up (up to seven years) shows a clear tendency to complete resolution of the liver damage; (3) there is a clear correlation between the severity of hepatic involvement and the occurrence of secondary bacterial infections. (Archives of Internal Medicine 1983;143:674–677)     

The Effects of Task Clarification and Group Graphic Feedback on Early Punch-In Times

Task clarification in the form of workplace policy guidelines coupled with weekly graphic feedback of group punch-in times on the staff clock were presented to waitstaff, cooks, cash register clerks, dishwashers, buffet attendants, and hourly assistant managers in a restaurant sub-franchise. Clocking in early dropped from 130 min during baseline to 62 min per week during intervention. A 1-week return to baseline resulted in 189 min of clocking in early by restaurant personnel. The use of task clarification and group feedback reduced company expenses without reductions in job satisfaction or increased stress.     

Addressing Urban African American Youth Externalizing and Social Problem Behavioral Difficulties in a Family Oriented Prevention Project

Summary

The current article examines the secondary effects of an inner-city Community-University Collaborative HIV-Prevention and Adolescent Mental Health Family Program (CHAMP) in reducing externalizing (i.e., aggressive and rule-breaking behavior) and social problem behaviors for children with significant levels of externalizing behavior. Data were provided by parents for a sample of 50 youth assigned to the CHAMP Family Program and 299 comparison children. Among the CHAMP Family Program participants at pretest, 40% (n = 20) of parents reported their children exhibited significant levels of externalizing behavior. Among the comparison group, 38% (n = 113) of parents reported their children exhibited significant levels of externalizing behavior. There was a significant reduction in child externalizing scores for children in the CHAMP Family Program from pretest to posttest, bringing their mean scores of externalizing behavior from clinical to sub-clinical levels. Posttest only comparisons revealed that children in the CHAMP Family Program had significantly lower externalizing behavior scores than children in the comparison group. Analyses of child social problems indicated mixed results. Implications for urban mental health and prevention programs are discussed.     

基于脱钩理论的高排放产业低碳发展策略研究——以内蒙古为例

引入TAPIO脱钩指标、弹性脱钩分析框架模型,把内蒙古10种经济支柱产业作为筛选对象,通过脱钩选择和节能减排弹性计算,对煤炭开采和洗选业（C—I）、电力生产与供应业（E—I）、黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业（M—I）等三大产业进行了低碳因素分析;研究结果证明节能和减排是高排放产业低碳化发展的关键手段和策略基础,同时进一步验证了脱钩理论在低碳产业选择中的应用价值。     

Cars,carbon, and Kyoto: Evaluating an emission charge and other policy instruments as incentives for a transition to hybrid cars in New Zealand

Abstract

Transition to hybrid petrol/electric vehicles (HEVs) is one means among many of reducing carbon emissions pursuant to the New Zealand emissions reduction targets under the Kyoto Protocol. The potential financial incentive value of an emissions charge was evaluated by comparing purchase and running costs of an HEV with an equivalent petrol‐fuelled car. Had a carbon tax of $15/tonne CO₂ operated in January 2006, the net fuel efficiency saving on the basis of the emissions charge and the inbuilt fuel efficiency of the HEV amounted to $655.50 annually for an HEV. When compared with a $7000 purchase price differential in favour of petrol‐fuelled vehicles, it can be concluded the proposed carbon tax would not have provided a sufficient incentive to bring about any significant change in the distribution of HEVs across the market. Shifting the norm to a higher proportion of fuel‐efficient cars will therefore require other incentives and/or policy mechanisms. We explore alternative policy options for bringing about such a shift, including the option of a tradable vehicle emission permit system.     

China's Pro-Poor Growth: Measurement and Implications

ABSTRACT. Pro-poor growth has been the preeminent strategic framework of the international development community because it describes relationships between growth, inequality, and poverty. Assessing whether economic growth and income distributional changes are “pro-poor” has important policy implications and has become increasingly widespread in academic and policy societies. The article aims to measure the pro-poor growth in rural China from 1989 to 2009 through analyzing the household survey data collected by the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Among the main findings, from 1989 to 2006, China's economic growth in rural areas was relatively weakly pro-poor and poverty reduction mainly relied on the “trickle-down effect” of economic growth. However, since 2006, both the “trickle-down effect” of growth and changes in income distribution have reduced poverty. During this period, Chinese economic growth was pro-poor. Research on pro-poor growth based on more comprehensive data is urgently needed to advise policymakers to make relevant policies.