European‐American and African‐American Mothers' Emotion Socialization Practices Relate Differently to Their Children's Academic and Social‐emotional Competence

The current study examines whether the relation between mothers' responses to their children's negative emotions and teachers' reports of children's academic performance and social‐emotional competence are similar or different for European‐American and African‐American families. Two hundred mothers (137 European‐American, 63 African‐American) reported on their responses to their five‐year‐old children's negative emotions and 150 kindergarten teachers reported on these children's current academic standing and skillfulness with peers. Problem‐focused responses to children's negative emotions, which have traditionally been considered a supportive response, were positively associated with children's school competence for European‐American children, but expressive encouragement, another response considered supportive, was negatively associated with children's competence for African‐American children. The findings highlight the need to examine parental socialization practices from a culturally specific lens.     

Conscription of children in armed conflict—a form of child abuse. A study of 19 former child soldiers

Armed combat in childhood is a form of child abuse. It may lead to serious consequences, including post‐traumatic stress disorder. The inherent emotional abuse and acts or omissions by caregivers may cause behavioural, cognitive, emotional or mental disorder in the child. Nineteen former child soldiers were interviewed in a rehabilitation centre using a standard questionnaire. Reasons for recruitment included: volunteered (18), hatred of enemy (revenge) (5), virtue of being a freedom fighter (martyrdom) (9), as a means of supporting their family (economic) (3). One child was abducted, 7 joined for fear of the ‘enemy’ abducting them, and in 5 a family member was killed by ‘enemy’ or own group. The children were involved in manual labour (15), guard duty (15), front‐line fighting (7), bomb manufacture (5), setting sea/land mines (5) and radio and communication (2). Fifteen were trained in firearms and 14 in self‐destruction. Twelve children attempted to or did run away and 11 refused to obey orders or argued. This led to various punishments, including kitchen duty, beatings, imprisonment, blackmail or death threats. A majority of the children felt sad and emotionally upset when they remembered their mother and family. Children's involvement in war, whatever the ‘justifications’ may be, should always be considered as forced, as they cannot truly comprehend their action in war. The responsibility must be taken by the adult caregivers. The following definition of the abuse of children in armed conflict is proposed: ‘The involvement of dependent, developmentally immature children and adolescents in armed conflict they do not truly comprehend, to which they are unable to give informed consent, and which adversely affects the child's right to unhindered growth and identity as a child’. Firm international agreement on guidelines for the lower age limit of recruitment of children into armed forces is required. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

面向留学生的汉字书法教学刍议

有针对性的汉字书法教学能提高留学生对汉字的认识、记忆和书写能力。面向留学生的汉字书法教学需注意教学内容、教学方法与学习方法。     

国际收支平衡调控分析

针对中国国际收支不平衡问题,采用对比分析的方法,分析了国际收支存在服务、收益项目发展滞后,净误差与遗漏账户逆差,外汇储备过大等问题,提出处理好货物出口与服务出口,汇率贬值与升值,储备增长与防范风险,加强收支统计与打击逃汇、骗汇关系等解决策略。研究结论对调控国际收支有指导意义。     

疑问代词“怎么”的否定用法考察

疑问代词除了表示询问、任指和虚指外,还有一个重要的用法,即用在反问句中表示否定。文章以＂怎么＂为例,根据其出现的语言环境,分类考察了＂怎么＋AD＋VP＂用于表示否定出现的句法环境、语义以及功能,并从反问句的句法机制和主观性因素的角度分析了其表示否定意义的原因。     

An Exploration of Family Violence Among the Homeless

Abstract

This research found a high incidence of family violence among homeless people. The most common form of violence was physical; the least common was sexual abuse. The data also reported a high percentage of violence among homeless people confronted with mental illness. The policy and practice implications for these findings are discussed.     

庞德"意象"的审美阐释

庞德是英语现代诗歌运动的发起者之一,所创造的意象主义理论为英语诗歌走上改革之路起到了推波助澜的作用.在他看来,"诗必须以意象为主","一个意象是在瞬间呈现出的一个理性与感情的复合体.‘这种复合体’的突然呈现给人以突然解放的感觉,不受时空限制的自由的感觉,一种我们在面对最伟大的艺术品时经受到突然长大了的感觉".     

贾母形象功能探析

本文从提供形象范式、彰显双重主题、营造叙事结构、强化审美信息这四个维度 ,对《红楼梦》中的贾母形象进行了审视 ,发现一部文学作品 ,特别是优秀之作 ,其中人物形象的功能绝不是单向 ,而是多元的。因此 ,对人物形象的功能加以研究是非常必要的     

"后新时期"城市小说情感模式研究

"后新时期"城市小说的一个重要情感模式是"反抗城市".它体现了某种与西方当代文学的共有主题,并构成这一时期城市小说的主要审美内容,这一情感模式在具体创作中又分别体现为"走出城市社会"、"反抗制作世界"、"选择桑丘·潘沙"等子模式.     

Spinal Cord Injury

ABSTRACT

This article provides an overview of spinal cord injury (SCI) that is useful and informative for social workers and other health care professionals who work with this population. Social workers new to the specialty of spinal cord injury must expand their knowledge base of this chronic injury. Social workers contribute to the rehabilitation process through assessment, education, and discharge planning. This article also may be used to inform persons with spinal cord injury and their families and to encourage them to engage in dialogue about SCI in the earliest stages of treatment and rehabilitation.