日本雇佣制度的变迁——兼职员工的现状分析

上世纪九十年代后,随着日本泡沫经济的破灭,一度被日本人引以自豪的终身雇佣制开始渐渐失去光芒。根据2005年日本厚生劳动省统计,日本兼职员工已经接近员工总数1/4,今后还有继续增加的趋势。本文仅从日本企业的兼职员工不断增加的现状入手,着重分析产生这种现象的原因。希望通过对日本兼职员工现状的分析并找出其变化的原因,为中国政府和企业制定政策提供一定的指导。     

What are the likely interactions among innovation,government debt,and employment?

The study here analyzes the interactions among labor, R&D intensity, and public expenditure on education (indicators of innovation), considering public debt of countries. The study is based on 27 European countries over the 1995–2009 and applies multiple regression analysis. Main findings seem to be: a significant interaction of public expenditure on education and R&D intensity with employment rate, whereas an increase of general government consolidated gross debt has a negative interaction for employment rate as well as for technology indicators. The theoretical framework and empirical evidence suggest vital political economy implications to support employment rate during contractions of the business cycle. In particular, considering the specificity of the economic structure of countries, a fruitful lung-run political economy of growth should slowly dry out public debt by supporting GDP growth, rather than reducing government debt with high taxation and balanced-budget rules, in order to decrease frictional effects for patterns of economic, technological, and employment growth.     

Does Modern Organization and Governance Threat Solidarity?

This article focuses on solidarity behaviours of employees to team members (horizontal solidarity behaviour) and to their manager (vertical solidarity behaviour). The question is asked to what extend and how are both types of solidarity related to three aspects of modern organization and governance: dual earner families, flexible labour contracts, and formal and informal governance structures. Survey data of 17 Dutch organizations (N = 1347) show in relation to dual-earner families that having children has a positive relationship with horizontal solidarity behaviour, and working overtime has a positive relationship with vertical solidarity behaviour. Related to the flexible labour contracts, no relationship was found with type of labour contract and expected years within the organization. Finally, some traits of informal and formal governance structures, namely information on rules and the presence of explicit fair play rules are fond to be positively related to solidarity.She worked on this article during a visit at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.     

就业结构偏差与我国城镇化战略选择

城市化是实现工业化、现代化的必由之路。我国的城市化滞后于工业化,导致了严重的就业结构偏差。由于大城市"拉力"不足,农村对剩余劳动力"推力"受阻,使大量人口滞留农村,不仅制约市场经济发展和商品化率的提高,而且成为有效需求不足、农村市场屡拓而不开的重要原因。实施城镇化战略推进我国城市化是矫正就业结构偏差,降低农民进城投入成本和心理成本的现实选择。     

工业化过程中的“中间部门”与“过渡性”就业——英国经济史实例考察

在英国工业革命和工业化过程中,存在着一个由工场手工业和家庭工业构成的"中间部门"。这个部门具有过渡性质,并且在传统部门和近代工业部门之间发挥着承前启后的作用,特别是在培养工业劳动力,吸收过剩人口,缓解就业压力等方面的作用是不可或缺的。正由于这个部门的存在,使英国工业化得以避免"二元结构"的困扰。     

论《金瓶梅》中的商业老板与伙计关系

《金瓶梅》表现了一种新的人伦关系———商业老板与伙计之间的雇佣关系。这种雇佣关系建立在共同经营的合作关系之上,是一种有贫富、尊卑、主次差别的不平等关系,又是一种比较松散、自由、人我界限明确的契约关系,还是一种以经济利益为纽带的买卖关系。这种经济上的雇佣关系还扩展到他们之间的两性生活和政治生活中。它不同于传统的君臣、父子、兄弟、夫妻、朋友关系,也不同于传统的主子奴才的人身依附关系,不再重"仁义"、"忠诚"的传统伦理道德,雇佣双方具有一定的独立性和自主性,是一种新的人伦关系的萌芽。     

Constraints and choices in mothers' employment careers: a consideration of Hakim's Preference Theory

This paper provides an empirical examination of women's work histories following a first birth, their sex-role attitudes, and the relationship between attitudes and work history. In the light of these analyses, the aptness of Preference Theory as an explanation for the position of women in the British labour market is considered. Addressed in particular is Hakim's argument that the main determinant of women's heterogeneous employment patterns and work histories is heterogeneity in their preferences for differing combinations of family work and paid employment. Although support is found for Hakim's argument that employment careers are centrally important for only a minority of women, little evidence is adduced that it is preferences that distinguish the minority from the majority. The existence of a continuum of work-family preferences means that women with similar preferences (but differing capacities for overcoming constraints) will have very different labour market careers. Analysis of longitudinal data fails to support the central argument of Preference Theory that women in Britain and North America (countries where women live 'in the new scenario') have genuine, unconstrained choices about how they wish to live their lives. Instead, it is argued that a complete explanation of women's labour market choices after childbirth, and of the outcomes of those choices, depends as much on understanding the constraints that differentially affect women as it does on understanding their personal preferences.     

Satisfaction with home-based employment

Using data from nine state regional research project on at-home income generation, the relationships of three satisfaction variables to demographic and work situation variables of 899 household managers in households with home-based employment are investigated. The satisfaction variables include quality of life, family income, and control over everyday life. The majority of households are satisfied with their quality of life and control over life although only moderately satisfied with income. One variable is related to the three satisfaction variables, the wage earner's control over the amount of work done in a day.This paper reports results from the Cooperative Regional Research Project, NE-167, entitled, At-Home Income Generation: Impact on Management, Productivity and Stability in Rural and Urban Families, partially supported by Cooperative States Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the Experiment Stations at the University of Hawaii, Iowa State University, Lincoln University (Missouri), Michigan State University, Cornell University (New York), The Ohio State University, The Pennsylvania State University, Utah State University, and the University of Vermont. This article was accepted in 1992 under the editorship of Charles B. Hennon.Her research interests include evaluation of teaching/learning, program evaluation, and entrepreneurship. She received her Ph.D. from Cornell University.     

创新高校毕业生就业机制的思考

高校毕业生就业难问题是我国高校教育改革所面临的突出问题,在中国高等教育由精英教育向大众教育转变的今天,不解决这个问题必然会导致新“读书无用论”的出现,也必然会影响中国高等教育的深入发展。创新高校毕业生就业机制是解决问题的根本办法。