Dose-response assessment for influenza A virus based on data sets of infection with its live attenuated reassortants

Reported data sets on infection of volunteers challenged with wild-type influenza A virus at graded doses are few. Alternatively, we aimed at developing a dose-response assessment for this virus based on the data sets for its live attenuated reassortants. Eleven data sets for live attenuated reassortants that were fit to beta-Poisson and exponential dose-response models. Dose-response relationships for those reassortants were characterized by pooling analysis of the data sets with respect to virus subtype (H1N1 or H3N2), attenuation method (cold-adapted or avian-human gene reassortment), and human age (adults or children). Furthermore, by comparing the above data sets to a limited number of reported data sets for wild-type virus, we quantified the degree of attenuation of wild-type virus with gene reassortment and estimated its infectivity. As a result, dose-response relationships of all reassortants were best described by a beta-Poisson model. Virus subtype and human age were significant factors determining the dose-response relationship, whereas attenuation method affected only the relationship of H1N1 virus infection to adults. The data sets for H3N2 wild-type virus could be pooled with those for its reassortants on the assumption that the gene reassortment attenuates wild-type virus by at least 63 times and most likely 1,070 times. Considering this most likely degree of attenuation, 10% infectious dose of H3N2 wild-type virus for adults was estimated at 18 TCID50 (95% CI = 8.8-35 TCID50). The infectivity of wild-type H1N1 virus remains unknown as the data set pooling was unsuccessful.     

Live Discharge from Hospice and the Grief Experience of Dementia Caregivers

When an individual has dementia, family members are involved in many care transitions in their roles as caregivers. One such transition is the ‘live’ discharge from hospice services. This occurs when an individual no longer meets eligibility criteria. This can be difficult for caregivers who have been anticipating an end to understand in the context of their grief process. This qualitative study (N = 24) explored the experience of caregivers of adults with dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease, who experienced a ‘live’ discharge from hospice. Specifically, the experience of grief is examined. Results from this study highlight the complexity of caring for someone with a terminal disease and the grief experience in end-of-life care as caregivers struggle to understand the individual’s terminal prognosis as temporary. This is further complicated for caregivers who must resume caregiving responsibilities or assume a new caregiving role after experiencing a loss of hospice services. Finally, hospice social workers are well positioned to offer emotional and other concrete support to caregivers who experience a ‘live’ discharge.     

孔子的人生之乐及其文学演绎

孔子的社会实践丰富多彩,旷达的人生态度使他体验到诸多的人生之乐,如学习之乐、朋友相聚之乐、赏乐之乐、山水之乐。孔子的人生之乐具有自己的规定性。随着儒家学派的确立,孔子被神化,也被文学化,战国到两汉期间,以《论语》记载的孔子人生之乐为基础,演绎出许多富有文学色彩的传说故事。这些传说故事选取的是最能代表孔子人生之乐的事象,在题材选择方面具有典型性,合乎文学创作的规律,推动了文学发展和文体的生成演变。     

重庆市高校教师生活质量现状调查研究

项目研究运用文献分析和开放式问卷方法,从生活满意度和幸福感两个维度对重庆市高校教师的生活质量现状进行调查.结果表明:重庆市高校教师的生活质量介于一般水平与较高水平之间、不同类型的高校教师生活质量现状存在一定差异.     

从庾信仕进与归隐间的徘徊论其人格的矛盾性

庾信后期的情感、思想与行为充满了矛盾,为寻求心灵的宁静,庾信从入北始到晚年一直存有归隐之念,然而他欲隐还仕,徘徊于仕隐出处之间。庾信后期道德崇奉与现实行为的矛盾相悖状态体现了他矛盾分裂的人格特点。     

论儒家人生美学之审美自由域

中国古代儒、道、释美学都很重视心灵自由问题,都是从＂存在＂的意义上解释心的,其构成境域就是心的存在方式或存在状态,并且从重视人生出发,都强调个体自身生命意识的培养。就儒家美学而言,无论是＂孔颜乐处＂还是＂曾点气象＂,都表现出一种对自身生命意识的充分肯定,以及在此基础上珍惜生命、体味生命的审美意趣,其人生境域与审美境域的构成则都是心灵的自由和升华。     

七贤之游与魏晋隐士及其他

孙登、王烈是魏晋时期著名的隐士,七贤是魏晋名士文化中的著名代表人物,他们为了逃避惨烈的朝廷党争,不约而同地选择离开是非丛生的京城而隐居簇竹野水间,以此宣示对礼教的叛逆、对世俗的鄙薄和对养生的追求。本文以史料钩沉的方法,探究了孙登、王烈等隐士的行迹,认为孙登、王烈等隐士主要活动于苏门山、抱犊山、宜阳山、汲郡北山等地;而竹林七贤则追踪孙登、王烈的修炼行迹,遍游太行山的南段和东坡,由此开启了一种不同于传统的另类名士加隐士文化。     

我国生猪生产效率及补贴政策评价

文章采用数据包络分析方法（DEA）分别对我国生猪生产效率进行了区域差异和规模比较。研究表明,生猪生产效率呈现出明显的地区差异,与西部地区比较,东部更有效率,但呈现规模不经济的状况;规模养殖比散养有较高的经济效率,但散养生猪仍具有较灵活的成本优势。根据研究结论,认为中国实施区域差别化的生猪补贴扶持政策有一定的合理性,但应有侧重,东部应侧重效率导向,中西部地区应以规模导向为主;同时在发展规模化养殖过程中也应注意差异化,对不同规模养殖户实行差别的补贴政策;生猪补贴政策还应充分考虑生产和消费布局等。     

乐生的国家治理维度--韩非的逻辑

从国家治理的角度关注民众乐生问题,是韩非治国思想的重要内容。韩非认为,所谓乐生就是快乐地活着来干合法的好事,同时也为爱惜身体不干那些非法的坏事。韩非把民众乐生和国家治理统一起来,认为使民众乐生是国家治理者的责任;只有民众乐生,才能实现君主对国家的治理;民众乐生是君主治理国家的理想局面。国家治理不能允许民众不乐生,国家治理不能让民众不乐生。     

《诗经·君子偕老》解——兼论假发与祭祀的关系

我国古代曾以盛发高髻为美，因而在祭祀中戴假发是对参祭妇女的仪表要求之一。根据《周礼》及相关记载，《君子偕老》中出现的“副”“象衣”“翟”“展”是王后在祭祀中专用的假发和服装。从祭祀的角度理解《君子偕老》，可以对诗歌有更深地认识。