一种考虑整数约束的环境效率评价MOISBMSE模型

传统的基于数据包络分析的环境效率评价常常忽略投入、期望产出和非期望产出为离散型变量的可能性,从而无法精确处理现实中存在的具有整数特征的指标数据,一直以来影响着评价结果的精确性.本文以混合导向的整数DEA为基础,对超效率SBM模型进行拓展,构建了一种能够同时兼顾整数约束和非期望产出指标数据的超效率SBM模型,并在实例中采用搜索算法,对该模型进行求解并通过Bootstrap方法对结果进行修正.将每一个最优整数点与被评价决策单元之间的距离进行比较,可以找出最短距离所对应的最优整数点,即为其帕累托改进方向.该模型将为环境效率评价提供了适用范围更广泛的测度方法.     

犯罪本质二元论新说

犯罪本质一元论把社会危害性作为犯罪的唯一本质特征,把应受刑罚惩罚性看做社会危害性和刑事违法性的当然结果,不仅使得犯罪三特征之间的逻辑关系存在矛盾,而且不能科学地解释犯罪与犯罪构成、犯罪与刑罚之间的关系。重新认识应受刑罚惩罚性的含义,把应受刑罚惩罚性作为犯罪的主观特征,把社会危害性作为犯罪的客观特征,即犯罪本质二元论,不仅使犯罪三特征之间的逻辑关系更加严密,而且能科学地解释犯罪、犯罪构成、刑罚等诸范畴之间的关系。     

刑法身份与身份犯之身份新论

刑法身份是指法律规定的,对定罪量刑具有影响的一定的个人要素或一定的单位附属条件.这里的"定罪"是指在确定对行为者适用刑法并追究其刑事责任或适用刑罚的前提下才予以考虑的确定具体罪名的司法活动或立法活动,有别于确定刑法适用范围、应当追究刑事责任的活动."量刑"指的是在定罪的前提下对行为者选择适用刑种和刑期,甚或包括免除刑罚的一种司法或立法活动.刑法身份具有法律事实特征、本质特征和刑法性特征,可以分为:自然人刑法身份与单位刑法身份,定罪刑法身份与量刑刑法身份,主体刑法身份与对象刑法身份,明文规定式刑法身份与暗含式刑法身份,积极刑法身份与消极刑法身份,自然刑法身份与法定刑法身份等.身份犯之身份,是指法律规定的行为者在行为时所具有的影响定罪量刑的个人要素或单位附属条件.其除具有刑法身份一般特征外,还具有犯罪主体依附性特征和时间性特征.     

我国生态文明理论研究和建设实践中的四个问题

深化我国生态文明理论研究和建设实践必须解决好四个问题。一、自然资源作为自然财富和生态财富要真正转化为经济财富和社会财富，必须使自然资源作为一种生产资料进入生产过程，树立为了满足人民基本生活需要的生产目的，并建立与自然资源相一致的发展方式和生存方式，制定系统完善的生态补偿制度；二、生态文明建设和生态治理是一个系统工程，这要求我们树立系统论、整体论的思维方式和方法论，把树立生态文明发展理念、建立生态文明发展方式和确立“德法兼备”的社会主义生态治理观有机结合起来；三、生态文明建设实践仅仅满足于宣传生态文明理念是不够的，其关键与核心是如何实现科学技术创新和科学技术生态化；四、脱离对环境权问题的研究，片面强调对“环境民生论”的阐释，既不能准确理解“环境民生论”的完整内涵与价值，也无法真正践行“环境民生论”，故强化对环境权问题的研究与阐释，是当前我们理解和践行“环境民生论”的关键。     

基于因子分析法的环境信息披露质量评价——以采矿业上市公司为例

结合国家发布的《上市公司环境信息披露指南》,建立采矿行业环境信息披露指标体系;应用因子分析法,构建一个环境信息披露质量评价因子分析模型,对我国采矿业66家上市公司2018年的环境信息披露质量进行评价。研究发现,采矿业环境信息披露主要体现在环境治理信息、节能减排信息、环境管理信息、环境理念信息和政府相关环境信息五个方面,其中环境治理信息对采矿业上市公司环境信息披露质量影响最大,其次是节能减排信息。该结论为提高我国采矿业环境信息披露质量提供了方向,对政府加强地矿企业环境信息披露监管提供了理论依据。     

Campus crime and concealed carry laws: Is arming students the answer?

As of 2018, ten states allowed students, faculty, and staff to carry concealed firearms on campus. Although there has been much discussion regarding campus carry laws, there has been very little empirical research conducted on the link between campus carry laws and crime on campus. The present study attempts to determine if campus carry laws are statistically related to campus level crime. Using state-level data for the period 2005–2014 and a fixed effects model, results of the present study suggest that campus carry laws have no statistically significant relationship with campus level crime. However, campuses located in states that allow unpermitted concealed carry have lower property crime rates. These results corroborate the findings of prior studies on this topic. Given these results, states should reconsider enacting campus carry laws, and colleges and universities should be given more latitude in deciding whether or not firearms are appropriate on their campuses.     

Using the CAUSE Model to Understand Public Communication about Water Risks: Perspectives from Texas Groundwater District Officials on Drought and Availability

Public communication about drought and water availability risks poses challenges to a potentially disinterested public. Water management professionals, though, have a responsibility to work with the public to engage in communication about water and environmental risks. Because limited research in water management examines organizational communication practices and perceptions, insights into research and practice can be gained through investigation of current applications of these risk communication efforts. Guided by the CAUSE model, which explains common goals in communicating risk information to the public (e.g., creating Confidence, generating Awareness, enhancing Understanding, gaining Satisfaction, and motivating Enactment), semistructured interviews of professionals (N = 25) employed by Texas groundwater conservation districts were conducted. The interviews examined how CAUSE model considerations factor in to communication about drought and water availability risks. These data suggest that many work to build constituents’ confidence in their districts. Although audiences and constituents living in drought‐prone areas were reported as being engaged with water availability risks and solutions, many district officials noted constituents’ lack of perceived risk and engagement. Some managers also indicated that public understanding was a secondary concern of their primary responsibilities and that the public often seemed apathetic about technical details related to water conservation risks. Overall, results suggest complicated dynamics between officials and the public regarding information access and motivation. The article also outlines extensions of the CAUSE model and implications for improving public communication about drought and water availability risks.     

Evaluating Potential Distribution of High‐Risk Aquatic Invasive Species in the Water Garden and Aquarium Trade at a Global Scale Based on Current Established Populations

Aquatic non‐native invasive species are commonly traded in the worldwide water garden and aquarium markets, and some of these species pose major threats to the economy, the environment, and human health. Understanding the potential suitable habitat for these species at a global scale and at regional scales can inform risk assessments and predict future potential establishment. Typically, global habitat suitability models are fit for freshwater species with only climate variables, which provides little information about suitable terrestrial conditions for aquatic species. Remotely sensed data including topography and land cover data have the potential to improve our understanding of suitable habitat for aquatic species. In this study, we fit species distribution models using five different model algorithms for three non‐native aquatic invasive species with bioclimatic, topographic, and remotely sensed covariates to evaluate potential suitable habitat beyond simple climate matches. The species examined included a frog (Xenopus laevis), toad (Bombina orientalis), and snail (Pomacea spp.). Using a unique modeling approach for each species including background point selection based on known established populations resulted in robust ensemble habitat suitability models. All models for all species had test area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values greater than 0.70 and percent correctly classified values greater than 0.65. Importantly, we employed multivariate environmental similarity surface maps to evaluate potential extrapolation beyond observed conditions when applying models globally. These global models provide necessary forecasts of where these aquatic invasive species have the potential for establishment outside their native range, a key component in risk analyses.     

Three scenarios for the future of work

After presenting a historical overview of the concept of work and the different meanings that it has acquired over the centuries, the author analyses the value it holds for Europeans, and the impact on work and employment of the popular rhetoric about a technological revolution and its “inevitable” consequences. She then considers the future of work in the light of three scenarios: a “dismantling of labour law”, a “technological revolution” (where automation brings an end to employment), and an “environmental transition”. She argues that the latter is compatible with the imperative to take action on climate change and the expectations placed in work and employment.     

Place,people and processes in waste theory: a global South critique

Scholars across the humanities and social sciences have long sought to theorize waste, and more particularly the relationship between humans – their history, society, culture, art and thought – and their discards. My contention, though, is that these theories, since Mary Douglas’s Purity and Danger (1966) and Thompson’s Rubbish Theory (1979), have been predominantly based in and on global North contexts and, concomitantly, have taken as their axiom the distance between our cultures, lives, experiences and our material rejects. By intersecting existing cultural theories of waste with two important emerging schools of thought – environmental justice and new materialism – I argue that the exclusion or side-lining of places, notably in the global South where countless people live on a day-to-day basis with, on, and off waste, leads to certain imbalances, biases and gaps. Most notably, the livingness and agency of material rejects is often overlooked in theories that oppose humans and other-than-human waste. By way of conclusion, I propose the notion of ‘living waste’ – a more literal and material take on Bauman’s well-known concept ‘wasted lives’ – as a new point of departure for a reconceptualization of waste that might escape the prevailing dualisms and account simultaneously for ‘full-belly’ and ‘empty-belly’ contexts, human (wasted) lives and other-than-human waste materials, and understandings of lived experiences of waste.