试论自然资源产权结构

影响自然资源环境生态效益的因素很多 ,有产权制度及其限制机制 ,国家实施法律和管理环境的能力等。从资源保护的角度设置一个好的产权结构非常重要 ,必须处理好一系列的关系 ,如经济效益和环境生态效益的关系 ,公民环境意识和国家实施法律及管理环境的能力等。对主要自然资源产权结构模式的选择和探讨十分必要。     

从西雅图的信看美洲印第安人的自然观

原始民族的自然观对现代社会在面对环境危机时重新思考人与自然的关系可以提供一些启发。从 1 9世纪一位印第安酋长的信可以看出 ,美洲印第安人的自然观有不少与西方当代环境哲学的一些重要思想 ,特别是生态学关于要破除人与自然间疆界的主张和生态系统中存在着丰富的生命联系的洞见 ,以及生物中心论与生态中心论提倡的尊重生命的思想有很多契合之处     

Paying to improve your chances: Gambling or insurance?

Will a more risk-averse individual spend more or less to improve probabilities, say on marketing efforts that enhance the chance of a sale? For any two payoffs and starting probabilities, the answer is unfortunately indeterminate. However, interpreting gambling as increasing small chances of good outcomes and insurance as reducing small chances of bad outcomes, the more risk-averse individual will pay less (more) to gamble (insure). We find a critical switching probability that depends on the individuals and outcomes involved. If the good outcome is less (more) likely than this critical value, the expenditures represent gambling (insurance).     

Left-Side strong increases in risk and their comparative statics

This paper introduces a new concept of left-side strong increases in risk (L-SIR) that extends the definition of strong increases in risk (SIR). We also provide somewhat stronger restrictive set of risk-averse decision-makers with a non-negative third derivative utility (prudence) to obtain an appealing comparative statics result for L-SIR.The authors gratefully acknowledge the helpful comments and suggestions of an anonymous referee     

Two-person sequential bargaining behavior with exogenous breakdown

We examine bargaining behavior in a noncooperative game in which players alternate in making and responding to proposals over the division of a given surplus. Although the number of bargaining periods is unlimited and time is not discounted, the bargaining is subject to exogenous breakdown at each period with a fixed probability which is common knowledge. We manipulate three probabilities of break-down in a between-subjects design that allows comparison with previous studies of two-person bargaining with time discounting. Assuming that subjects maximize expected utility, and this utility is measured by monetary payoffs, our results reject both the subgame perfect equilibrium and equal split solutions. Data analyses reveal that a substantial percentage of subjects behave adaptively in that they systematically search for the highest acceptable demands.     

Stochastic dominance in multicriterion analysis under risk

Traditionally, in the literature on the modelling of decision aids one notes the propensity to treat expected utility models and outranking relation models as rivals. It may be possible, however, to benefit from the use of both approaches in a risky decision context. Stochastic dominance conditions can be used to establish, for each criterion, the preferences of a decision maker and to characterise them by a concave or convex utility function.Two levels of complexity in preference elicitation, designated as clear and unclear, are distinguished. Only in the case of unclear preferences is it potentially interesting to attempt to estimate the value function of the decision maker, thus obtaining his (her) preferences with a reduced number of questions. The number of questions that must be asked of the decision maker depends upon the level of the concordance threshold that he(she) requires in the construction of the outranking relations using the ELECTRE method.     

成本收益、风险规避与人力资本投资

人力资本的投资可根据当时的利息率计算贴现值的方法进行决策.若需要用于投资的资本小于用期望收益算出的贴现值,则进行人力资本投资则为明智的选择.加大对人力资本的投资力度、人力资本的合理有效的组合和采取激励政策和规则可以规避人力资本投资风险.人力资本投资的的载体为具有主观能动性的人.要想投资取得成功,除了借助经济学方法做出正确的投资选择外还要充分调动被投资者--"人"的主观能动性.     

基于两阶段风险的定制类信息系统开发项目绩效模型构建与实证研究

开发阶段绩效风险和实施阶段绩效风险是信息系统开发项目中两个重要的中介变量,它们调节了项目内在不确定性和管理实践对项目绩效的影响.在项目不同阶段,绩效风险的主要影响因素是不同的.在开发阶段,主要影响因素是项目计划和控制、内部整合和用户参与;在实施阶段,主要影响因素是用户参与和高层支持.另外,用户参与直接地正向影响产品绩效,但对过程绩效没有直接影响.过程绩效对产品绩效也没有显著的正向影响.     

绿色会计与西部大开发

如何促使企业在追求利润最大化的过程中 ,自觉注意保护环境、防治污染是一个值得探讨的问题。在这方面 ,绿色会计可以发挥积极的作用。其具体的手段就是将环境因素纳入到企业长期生产经营决策模型之中 ,从而影响决策者和环境行为。通过运用新的技术 ,将企业经济活动所造成的环境影响以货币计量 ,对企业经济活动造成的外部影响加以内化。这样 ,这些环境影响就得以转化为经济影响 ,可以影响到规划的利润水平。企业为追求利润最大化 ,就必须努力降低环境因素造成的成本并增加环境因素形成的收益。     

快递企业人力资源管理法律风险及防范

人力资源管理是现代企业日常管理的重要内容之一。有效的人力资源管理能极大地保障企业的顺利运营,降低管理风险是实现人力资源管理有效性的主要手段,也是企业风险管理工作的重要焦点。而快递企业业务繁重、时效性、准确性、安全性等要求导致企业在进行人力资源管理过程中面临着一些特殊的法律风险,客观、正确地分析之,并进行有效的防范,能更好地规范企业管理、减少劳资纠纷、促进快递行业的健康蓬勃发展,意义重大。