透过情态隐喻看奥巴马的演说词

情态隐喻是政治人士配置情态意义、对情态责任进行编码的常用手段,用以体现话语中复杂的语义内涵,与听众建立人际关系并对其进行引导劝说,最终实现自己的政治目的。     

舟曲藏族的婚俗研究

位于甘肃省南部的舟曲藏族具有非常独特的历史文化,由于种种原因,我国藏学界对她的研究还很欠缺,本文在田野调查的基础上,运用历史学、人类学、民族学、民俗学的相关理论对舟曲藏族的婚姻习俗展开论述,在对舟曲藏族的婚姻过程进行“深描”的基础上探讨了舟曲藏族婚俗的历史、特点,分析了其中的特殊要素和现实意义,并针对具体情况提出了相应的对策。     

The epistemic structure of a theory of a game

This paper is a contribution to the systematic study of alternative axiom-sets for theories of (normal-form, complete-information) games. It provides an introduction to epistemic logic, describes a formulation in epistemic logic of the structure of a theory of a game (the broad theory of that game), and applies methods of epistemic logic to define strategies for dealing with two disturbing features of game theory, its hyperrationality assumptions and its indeterminacy. The analysis of these problems is conducted in terms of two principles which impregnate much game theory, Cleverness and Cloisteredness (the principles that players know respectively all, and only, the logical consequences of their assumed knowledge). Broad theories allow us to formulate and revise these principles despite their metatheoretical character. It is shown how Cleverness may be weakened by using logics which restrict the Rule of Epistemization, and Cloisteredness by using default logic or autoepistemic logic; the latter is used to characterize Nash equilibrium beliefs as parts of certain autoepistemic extensions of players' knowledge bases, but these particular extensions are rejected as ungrounded.I am grateful for most helpful comments to Robin Cubitt, Joe Halpern, Ernest Geffner, Philippe Mongin, David Squires, Elias Thijsse and Tim Williamson.     

学术论文中一种模糊策略—认知型动词的研究

在学术论文和两个新闻语料库的基础上，对学术论文中一种模糊策略—认知型动词进行研究。结果表明，这类动词广泛应用于学术论文中，且在学术话语和新闻话语中的分布存在显著差异。研究结果有助于学习者了解并掌握一定量的认知型动词，以增强其文章的说服力及可信度。     

On the Need for Restricting the Probabilistic Analysis in Risk Assessments to Variability

It is common perspective in risk analysis that there are two kinds of uncertainties: i) variability as resulting from heterogeneity and stochasticity (aleatory uncertainty) and ii) partial ignorance or epistemic uncertainties resulting from systematic measurement error and lack of knowledge. Probability theory is recognized as the proper tool for treating the aleatory uncertainties, but there are different views on what is the best approach for describing partial ignorance and epistemic uncertainties. Subjective probabilities are often used for representing this type of ignorance and uncertainties, but several alternative approaches have been suggested, including interval analysis, probability bound analysis, and bounds based on evidence theory. It is argued that probability theory generates too precise results when the background knowledge of the probabilities is poor. In this article, we look more closely into this issue. We argue that this critique of probability theory is based on a conception of risk assessment being a tool to objectively report on the true risk and variabilities. If risk assessment is seen instead as a method for describing the analysts’ (and possibly other stakeholders’) uncertainties about unknown quantities, the alternative approaches (such as the interval analysis) often fail in providing the necessary decision support.     

游戏与自由：中国现代主义文论的早期话语

中国文学中现代主义观念的出现是从晚清文学游戏观的出现开始的。这也是梁启超文学“新民说”之外的另一种重要的文学观念。它与西方康德、尼采等现代主义美学思想有一种内在的联系，在其演变发展中逐渐成为中国早期现代主义文论的话语表达，并最终体现为王国维的“无用之用”文学观的诞生。     

简议英语的情态系统

为了让英语学习者对英语情状系统有更多的了解,并认识到从语言本身来研究语言运用规律的客观性,运用功能语法理论探讨了情态的空间,情态的种类,情态的承诺,情态的责任及实意动词的情态化问题,认为对英语情态系统的研究在英语的学习和使用中有举足轻重的作用。     

情态与情态系统的体现：系统功能语言学的视觉

从系统功能语言学的角度探讨英语情态的本质及其体现。情态本质上属于主观范畴,情态是由特定语句中的小句来实现的。语境对情态的体现及其意义的确定有着重要的作用,而句子的不同的构成方式所体现的情态在意义上有着取向的不同。     

对动作的认知

在通常的动态认知逻辑的基础上,引进对动作的认知。给出对动作认知的语义和特征公理,建立这种新类型逻辑的极小系统,并证明其框架可靠性和框架完全性。     

主观性和述行性在英语模态中的地位——兼与Lyons和Palmer等商榷

模态是语言学的重要范畴,是主观性和客观性、述行性和非述行性的对立和统一。西方学者关于这些问题的几个传统观点是不全面、不准确的,值得商榷;英语模态的主观性和述行性相随,客观性和非述行性相伴。这两组概念相关对应,均非模态的本质性特征或标准。