毛泽东社会主义认识过程论初探

马克思时社会主义革命和建设曾做过一些原则的论述,具有超前研究的性质.毛泽东根据探索我国社会主义革命和建设的实践经验,提出了认识社会主义的辩证过程论.由于把握社会主义社会规律的客观性和人们自觉活动之间关系出现了复杂的情况,社会主义社会规律作用的方式出现了新的特点,人们对社会主义需要一个再认识的过程.毛泽东探索社会主义革命和建设的认识过程,为邓小平探索有中国特色的社会主义道路,开阔了视野,提供了方法论原则.     

英汉翻译中说话者年龄与性别对COULD情态类型的影响

情态是系统功能语言学人际意义的一个重要概念,情态类型受说话者年龄和性别的影响。英汉翻译中,这种影响是否在原文和译文中保持不变,这是我们着手调查的问题。具体来讲,研究选取Harry Potter及其汉语译文作为语料库,以系统功能语言学情态系统为理论指导,运用WordSmith Tools及SPSS统计工具进行分析。结果显示,COULD在原文中没有“经常”的意思,但是在译文中却被翻译为“经常”;译者更倾向于将成人说话者表示“可能”的COULD情态用“情态操作词”、“情态副词”来翻译。      

Modeling Risk‐Related Knowledge in Tunneling Projects

Knowledge on failure events and their associated factors, gained from past construction projects, is regarded as potentially extremely useful in risk management. However, a number of circumstances are constraining its wider use. Such knowledge is usually scarce, seldom documented, and even unavailable when it is required. Further, there exists a lack of proven methods to integrate and analyze it in a cost‐effective way. This article addresses possible options to overcome these difficulties. Focusing on limited but critical potential failure events, the article demonstrates how knowledge on a number of important potential failure events in tunnel works can be integrated. The problem of unavailable or incomplete information was addressed by gathering judgments from a group of experts. The elicited expert knowledge consisted of failure scenarios and associated probabilistic information. This information was integrated using Bayesian belief‐networks‐based models that were first customized in order to deal with the expected divergence in judgments caused by epistemic uncertainty of risks. The work described in the article shows that the developed models that integrate risk‐related knowledge provide guidance as to the use of specific remedial measures.     

From Bricolage to Collage: The Making of Decisions at a Weather Forecast Office

This article elaborates the process of decision making in organizational environments characterized by disciplined improvisation. Building on an ethnography of forecasting operations at the National Weather Service, it introduces “collage” as a mediating concept between information bricolage and the forging of a decision. The concept of collage serves to (1) heuristically frame decision making as a process of assembling, appropriating, superimposing, juxtaposing, and blurring of information; and (2) externalize into digital practices of screenwork the cognitive labor of merging and distilling complex data into a provisionally coherent decision.     

Current Challenges of North/South Relations in Gay-Lesbian and Queer Studies

ABSTRACT

The article assesses and analyzes different dimensions of the current configuration of North/South dialogues within gay-lesbian and queer studies, with particular attention to the interrelations between the United States and South America. It looks into how gay-lesbian and queer studies relate to the global division and hierarchy of intellectual labor traditionally embedded in academic practices, and it asks whether the scope of its radical program includes a revision of unequal academic dynamics. Its concerns are both ethical and epistemological, as they speak not only to the moral and political dimensions of academic practice, but also to how these modes affect the knowledge produced in the United States and in South America today. By offering a view from the South conversant with South American as well as Northern production, we hope to contribute to both local and international debates regarding the present and future of the field.     

Identifying Higher‐Order Rationality

Strategic choice data from a carefully chosen set of ring‐network games are used to obtain individual‐level estimates of higher‐order rationality. The experimental design exploits a natural exclusion restriction that is considerably weaker than the assumptions underlying alternative designs in the literature. In our data set, 93 percent of subjects are rational, 71 percent are rational and believe others are rational, 44 percent are rational and hold second‐order beliefs that others are rational, and 22 percent are rational and hold at least third‐order beliefs that others are rational.     

反驳克里普克的语义论证

克里普克的语义论证被简要重构为,大前提:如果关于名称的描述论是正确的,则名称的意义必须是确定其所指的充分必要条件;小前提:事实上,名称的意义不是确定其所指的充分必要条件;结论:关于名称的描述论是错误的。本文作者只接受此论证的小前提,但不接受大前提,故不接受其结论,本文揭示了在语义论证中两个很成问题的隐含假设:假设1,"名称或摹状词如何指称对象"这一问题仅仅是名称或摹状词与对象、语言、世界之间的一种客观关系,与使用名称或摹状词以及整个语言的"我们"(语言共同体)无关;假设2,如果名称有意义并且其意义由相应的摹状词给出的话,这些摹状词应该是确定名称所指的充分必要条件;并且,我们有可能找到这样的充分必要条件。通过强调语言及其意义的社会性、约定性和历史性,本文批驳了假设1和假设2,由此得出结论:克里普克的语义论证不成立。     

虚拟经济认识上的五个误区

我国理论界对虚拟经济的认识再在一定偏差,这些偏差可以概括为五大误区：对虚拟经济概念范畴的界定存在一定歧义;对虚拟经济与泡沫经济的划分不够清楚;对虚拟经济的本质把握不清,不能科学认识虚拟经济的“虚拟性”;不能正确划分虚拟资本与金融资本的边界,把虚拟经济简单归结为金融资本运动的必然;认为虚拟经济是一种新的经济形态,但其对经济增长的解释却没有从根本上突破传统的经济理论框架。     

"刽子手悖论"之消解

消解强化的与再强化的“刽子手悖论”之要点为:1.法官之判决涉及对囚徒认知状况之预言,故囚徒就判决所作之论证应作为判断判决能否被执行之依据;2.囚徒之论证不可靠;3.该论证依赖于一个错误的认知原则;4.该认知原则之错误根源在于,误以为推得一命题必然意味着知道该命题。