论西方哲学的三次转向

西方哲学史上有三次著名的转向：伦理、认识和后现代。这三次转向与主体有着深刻的关系。伦理的转向将人从自然中独立出来,成就了人的主体;认识论转向形成主客二元对立,将人异化;后现代的转向意在消解理性的主体,实现真实的存在。然而主体的命运究竟何去何从,还有待历史的界说。     

坚持实践认识论不断提高对社会主义的认识水平

马克思主义的实践认识论是认识客观世界发展规律的科学的思想方法和认识方法。马克思、恩格斯分析未来社会的基本态度和对待共产主义的思想方法集中地体现了实践认识论 ;邓小平坚持从中国的具体国情出发 ,坚持在改革开放和现代化建设实践中搞清楚什么是社会主义 ,怎样建设社会主义这个首要的基本的理论问题 ;继续坚持在社会主义建设实践的进程中探索社会主义的建设规律 ,是社会主义事业不断取得成功的重要保证     

解蔽与成圣:荀子认识论新探

荀子明确将自然对象排斥于人的认识领域之外 ,而把认识对象规定为三位一体的“五经”、礼义和道。荀子的认识方法 ,一是通过具有理性思维能力的心灵 ,以静观的方式来认识对象 ;二是认识主体以“行”即践履的方式来把握对象。荀子的认识目标有两个层面 :其一是知性层面的“解蔽” ;其二是德性层面的“成圣”。从上述认识对象、认识方法、认识目标的具体规定来看 ,荀子的认识论是一种“社会道德认识论” ,而不是所谓的朴素唯物主义反映论     

The Epistemological Significance of the Theory of Social Representations

The theory of social representations must be understood in terms of its proper epistemology so that it can accomplish its full potential in social sciences. This is often difficult to achieve because researchers comprehend it in terms of concepts that are part of static and individualistic Newtonian epistemology rather than in terms of dynamic and relational Einsteinian epistemology. This article considers three signposts that Moscovici identifies and analyses in the theory of relativity, namely the relation between epistemology and science, theory and method, and the argument against the explanation of effects by their causes. The following question is posed: are these signposts also characteristic of the theory of social representations? This question is examined focusing on interactional epistemology, theory and method and the diversity of natural thinking and communication. Moscovici's Psychoanalysis shows that natural thinking appears in a plurality of modes according to the situation in which it takes place and according to social groups towards which it is directed. Natural thinking is controversial and communication‐centred. Different professionals, groups and lay people use different kinds of speaking and different communicative genres when they try to resolve “the same” problem. The article suggests that bringing together dialogicality, dialogical linguistics and the theory of social representations may open up new possibilities for theoretical developments in social psychology.     

科学与技术认识论、方法论的当代比较

当代科学哲学之科学实践哲学的新趋向和技术哲学的经验转向,突破了表象主义、理论优位的科学观,为人们提供了崭新的实践的科学观和技术观,为科学与技术认识论、方法论的比较研究提供了前提和条件,使得科学与技术在认识论与方法论上的沟通、统一成为必要和可能;科学实践是为了认识自然而去改造自然的活动,而技术实践是为了改造自然而去认识自然的活动;无论是科学实践,还是技术实践,都涉及关于实在、形而上学信念、主体与客体、目的与方法、规律与规则、发现与发明、事实与价值、理论与解释、检验与评价等要素,这些要素之间的关系逻辑化,即形成科学技术认识的动态过程和发展;以虚拟技术为代表的数字化技术的出现,导致了人的实践形态由现实实践向虚拟实践的拓展,科学技术认识模式从现实性向虚拟性的转换,使得科学技术的认识过程发展成为描述性认识和建构性、虚拟性认识的互补、互渗、互进的过程,把人类的科学技术认识活动推向一个崭新的阶段。     

歧路上的辩证逻辑

中国的辩证逻辑研究在苏联哲学问题编辑部《逻辑问题讨论总结》误导下,抛弃了形式逻辑,只研究认识过程中的辩证思维阶段,走上了歧途。恩格斯的“辩证逻辑”,是“辩证的逻辑”的误译。辩证逻辑不仅名不正,言也不顺:研究对象和研究方法都偏离了黑格尔奠基的大方向。     

Fuzzy epistemology: Decolonizing the social sciences

This article first argues that the social sciences need to be decolonized, as the current epistemologies and research methodologies are too narrowly based on the European and North American experiences and hence unable to adequately capture non-European experiences and realities. I then argue that decolonizing dominant social science epistemology means freeing it from its Aristotelian foundation. The next step undertaken is to discuss five non-Western epistemologies from West Africa, China, Melanesia, India, and South America. Building on the work of Jimi Adesina (2002), I find that all five share a fuzzy perception of reality, allowing for statements that are non-exclusive, non-discrete, and hence fuzzy. I propose an operationalization of these fuzzy epistemologies by applying Charles Ragin's Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fscqa).     

Reclaiming ourselves through Testimonio pedagogy: reflections on a curriculum design lab in teacher education

This article details one teacher preparation course centering Latin American Testimonio narratives of struggle/survival amid structural oppression for use in secondary curriculum. As our class of predominantly Latina/o students and two Latina instructors engaged Testimonio pedagogy, we fashioned a hopeful alternative to our own experiences of intergenerational oppression. While research indicates that the experiences and histories of pre-service Teachers of Color lend pedagogical strength and critical consciousness to teacher education, three Latina pre-service students highlight the ways in which Testimonio became more than a pedagogical approach. Testimonio’s collectivity, resistance, hope, and assertions of voice and dignity moved through them not as educators first but as (great-grand)daughters of oppressed though still-resilient People(s). Testimonio emboldened these Latina pre-service educators to recognize and validate their own inherited multiliteracies, (re)claim their connectedness to land, and articulate their visions for more equitable schooling. This work advances research into the essentiality of engaging race and ethnicity in K-12 and teacher education curriculum and pedagogy.     

‘A brutal blow against the democratic normality’: unlearning the epistemology of the political

ABSTRACT

The objective of this paper is to rethink our understanding of ‘the political’ through an examination of two novels by José Saramago, Blindness and Seeing. Both novels tackle directly a central, if not the central, signature metaphor of Western political thought, namely that of ‘seeing the light’. This metaphor takes many forms and recurs throughout the tradition of Western political philosophy as a source, legitimiser, and validator of knowing, and perhaps even a guarantor of knowledge. In particular, this metaphor has served to make knowable whatever it is that is signified by ‘the political’. By extension, it also means that whatever might be outside of this epistemological frame is rendered unknowable, if not unthinkable. Both of Saramago’s novels provide a fruitful means to recalibrate how we might know ‘the political’. The novels call into question the epistemic signatures that frame our commonly accepted understandings of ‘the political’ and in so doing provoke us further to question how we might move towards unlearning the epistemology of the political.     

真理的前提性批判——对西方近代哲学认识论的再认识

哲学史上任何体系都有自己的前提,他们的真理都依赖于前提的正确性。因此,哲学家们都要寻求一个绝对正确的前提作为出发点,以保证自己体系的真理性。所以,寻求一个确定无疑的出发点就成为哲学的首要任务,尤为突出的是近代西方哲学中唯理论与经验论之争。他们之间相互斗争,相互促进,不断审视,拷问真理的向度、源头和基础,从而酿成了其“前提性”的理性独断,最后滑向了独断论和怀疑论的深渊。康德用“哥白尼式的革命”试图调和此争,但使得认识主体和“物自体”之间又出现了一道不可逾越的鸿沟。黑格尔以“实体即主体”为核心,将认识论与本体论统一起来,弥合了历史所留下的鸿沟,但黑格尔所营造的形而上学体系却如空中楼阁,终究失去了现实意义。直至马克思从科学的实践观出发,明确提出实践是检验真理的唯一标准,从而消解了传统形而上学,建构了实践哲学,为主客体搭建了一座桥梁,真正弥合了这个鸿沟,确立了实践是检验真理的唯一标准的真理观。