Job creation: New work for women?

The movement of some women into self employment is considered in this paper. It is argued that if this movement is to be successful, and thus have any influence on the equality of employment opportunities, then it is necessary for the business ventures involved to be run strategically rather than operationally. It is also argued that there must be greater scope and encouragement for innovation in this area, otherwise there is a danger of mirroring, in new business formation, the structure of inequality that applies to the formal, and declining, structure of current employment. Finally, the paper examines the need for women's entrepreneurial ventures to be better accepted by and integrated into the wider social fabric. The potential sources of stress and of satisfaction in women's self employment are noted.     

Correlates of Clients’ emotional and Behavioral Responses to Treatment Termination

This study investigates the associations between clients’ emotional and behavioral responses to treatment termination and eight sets of indepentent variables, covering the source of termination (client, therapist, external source); the termination process (speed, centrality, control, choice, and desire), and the perceived outcome (failure, goal achievement) of the therapy. Subjects were 92 student therapists and 40 professional therapists, who reported on their clients’ perceptions, experiences, and responses. All the variables examined were associated with one or another client response. The findings support the view of treatment termination not only as a loss experience but also as a transition. They highlight the need for therapists to pay careful attention to both the source and the process of treatment termination.     

Alcohol Use and Prior Substance Abuse Treatment in Relation to Gambling Problem Severity and Gambling Treatment Outcome

Recent research has made it clear that problematic gambling is often accompanied by problematic alcohol use. Unfortunately, little is known about the nature of this association, especially as it relates to gambling treatment outcome. The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of current alcohol use level and previous substance abuse treatment on the symptoms of a large cohort of pathological gamblers as well as on their response to treatment for pathological gambling. The sample included 464 men and 301 women recruited at six gambling treatment programs in Minnesota. Gambling treatment patients were assessed on a number of gambling problem severity and related clinical variables using the Gambling Treatment Outcome Monitoring System (GAMTOMS). Patients with frequent alcohol use had greater gambling involvement at baseline than infrequent alcohol users. Patients with a previous history of substance abuse treatment had more severe psychosocial problems, ostensibly resulting from their gambling behavior, than patients without past substance abuse treatment. A MANOVA with repeated measures showed that neither pretreatment alcohol use, nor past substance abuse treatment exerted significant effects on gambling treatment outcome. While the level of pretreatment alcohol use and a history of substance abuse treatment are markers for greater gambling problem severity, treatment outcome for pathological gambling was not adversely impacted by these variables.     

Controlled Gambling for Pathological Gamblers

Despite its high prevalence, pathological gambling often remains untreated. It is estimated that only 10% of the pathological gamblers identified in prevalence studies will enter treatment. Within this small proportion, a high percentage will drop out. Despite the facts that some researchers argue against abstinence as the unique treatment goal and that regaining control appears to be possible for some pathological gamblers, abstinence has been the only treatment goal in most problem gambling interventions thus far. This paper examines the avenue of controlled gambling embedded in a harm reduction context as a viable solution for some pathological gamblers.     

词语的交集现象和汉字的词式书写——兼论汉字词式书写的发展前景

汉语中的词语交集现象容易造成误读,影响阅读速度。汉字的词式书写能够有效地解决词语交集现象所造成的误读。词式书写能够分化部分歧义句式,有利于提高阅读速度,有利于中文信息处理,能适应现代信息社会发展的需要,因此,有着广阔的发展前景。     

"应然"与"实然"的困惑--农民工平等权的宪政分析

"公民在法律面前一律平等"是我国宪法赋予公民的基本权利,但应然的平等保护与实然的非对等对待的矛盾使农民工的平等权受到不同程度的侵害.从宪政制度上给予反思并努力去完善制度建设是实现农民工平等权的切实途径.     

论对精神障碍者拒绝治疗权的理解与立法应对

精神障碍者的拒绝治疗权是弱者人权保障与自我决定权在《精神卫生法》中的贯彻,是精神卫生立法的核心问题之一。其兼具必要性和复杂性,因而在理论与实践中经常遭到曲解,如视精神科医生的医学判断为法律判决、将强制住院等同于拒绝治疗权的丧失、将限制拒绝治疗权适用的紧急情形扩大为一般性危险。由此导致对精神障碍者拒绝治疗权的否定和对人类尊严的蔑视,形成了贬低人格的家长主义。因此,学界需要对认识误区进行深度剖析并提出相应的对策,以期为完善我国的精神卫生立法提供建议。     

强制参保正当吗--基于政党的机会公平取向的研究

中共十八大报告中,将机会公平作为实现社会公平保障体系的基础和条件。通常情况下,机会公平是资源分配领域的核心概念。在理论上,马克思主义政党的机会公平取向更接近于实现人的平等尊重与自由发展,也要求一种实质的机会公平,推行全民医保的理念。推行全民医保最理想的方式还是在马克思主义平等观的基础上,运用强制参保的方式,宣传并树立集体观念和社会责任,通过减免费用来鼓励人们购买保险,并在政策制定和实施的过程中,尽量体现对人的尊重。     

良性互动的民族关系是国家稳定和发展的重要基础

民族关系是多民族国家面临的影响其发展稳定的重要社会问题。民族关系主要有封闭排斥型、压迫对抗型、平等包容型、融合型四种形式,这些形式主要体现在经济、政治、文化、社会、生态建设领域。我国目前总体处于平等包容型民族关系发展阶段,但新形势下出现了一些不适应平等包容型民族关系发展的问题,值得关注与深思。只有协调各民族利益关系、建立平等包容互助的民族关系、制定符合规律和实际的处理民族关系的政策,才能促进民族关系良性互动。     

美国平权措施的宪法争议--析联邦最高法院的两项判决

美国平权措施,从上一世纪七十年代以来,受到白人挑战,白人提出这是对白人的不平等,违反了宪法的平等权.这一宪法争议特别反映在大学入学政策上.近期,美国联邦最高法院对此作了两项判决:一是"格鲁特对伯林杰"案(Grutter v. Bollinger),针对密歇根大学法学院的入学政策;一是"格拉斯对伯林杰"案(Gratz v. Bollinger),针对密歇根大学部的入学政策.平权措施主要宪法依据是美国宪法第14条修正案.最高法院在适用此项宪法原则时有重要例外,一是为了保护国家利益出发;一是为弥补历史上的歧视后果.最高法院又宣布,凡使用种族作区分标准的法律,必须运用"严格的透视"和"紧迫的利益".据此,上述两项新判决,都有利于"种族多元化"和平权措施.这是美国当前对平权措施宪法争议的最新认定.