公平的公共政策是利益整合的关键

公平是公共政策的核心价值,利益整合是公共政策重要功能。公共政策存在某种程度的公平价值缺失和偏差是我国目前利益冲突、利益失衡的主要原因。应在公共政策的整个过程中贯彻公平的价值观,制定有利于公众享受到权利、规则、机会、分配公平的公共政策体系并有效实施,以达到利益整合的目的。     

Healthcare in India: Changing the Financing Strategy

The way in which healthcare is financed is critical for equity in access to healthcare. At present the proportion of public resources committed to healthcare in India is one of the lowest in the world, with less than one‐fifth of health expenditure being publicly financed. India has large‐scale poverty and yet the main source of financing healthcare is out‐of‐pocket expenditure. This is a cause of the huge inequities we see in access to healthcare. The article argues for strengthening public investment and expenditure in the health sector and suggests possible options for doing this. It also calls for a reform of the existing healthcare system by restructuring it to create a universal access mechanism which also factors in the private health sector. The article concludes that it is important to over‐emphasize the fact that health is a public or social good and so cannot be left to the vagaries of the market.     

研究生选拔制度设计与选拔质量

基于中国研究生教育需求大于供给的现状以及未能真正实现宽进严出的培养政策,探讨了研究生选拔制度与选拔质量及公平性的关系。认为一项合理有效的研究生选拔制度应该首先保障研究生选拔的总体结果优化和入围机会公平,其次才是导师的个性偏好。论文剖析了中国农业大学的研究生选拔制度,认为现行选拔制度在保障总体选拔质量优化的前提下兼顾了导师的个性作用,这种选拔模式符合当前中国的社会现实。     

Educational equity in ethnically diverse group work

Educational research in cooperative learning suggests that inequity based on perceived status may be an issue with heterogeneous cooperative learning groups. This paper explores issues of status based on race, ethnicity and cultural background in the New Zealand tertiary classroom where there is a diverse mix of domestic and international students. A four-year research project examined attitudes and perceptions of both domestic and international tertiary students towards cooperative learning. The findings of the research project indicate that initial assumptions of relative status and ability of group members have a major effect on the outcomes of the group. These assumptions, demonstrated by both domestic and international students, may be based on expectations of language ability and familiarity with the pedagogical environment, including the assumed norms and behavioural patterns of the host educational setting, and may disadvantage students from different cultural backgrounds. This can become a self-fulfilling prophecy limiting the effective interaction and participation in the group by international students and other students perceived to be of low status, and the development of trust and reciprocal interdependence among group members. Strategies to weaken the effects of status, promote more equitable interaction and foster productive group outcomes are proposed.     

Chinese and Americans Agree on What Is Fair,but Disagree on What Is Best in Societal Decisions Affecting Health and Safety Risks

Through surveys of students and junior professionals and interviews with business and government executives, we studied Chinese choices and fairness perceptions in risky health and safety decisions. The survey responses were compared with American responses from an earlier study by Keller and Sarin.The survey results show that the American and Chinese respondents had similar fairness perceptions, but the Chinese did not make decisions that were consistent with their fairness perceptions, whereas the Americans did. We found that the middle-age Chinese professionals tended to make choices that were more different from the Americans than were the choices of the young Chinese management students. It is likely that these discrepancies were caused by cultural differences, with the younger Chinese tending to face a stronger Western influence.The insights from the survey results were enriched by interviews that revealed fairness perceptions of Chinese business and government executives. A framework to interpret cultural influences on decision making was also proposed.     

论改进我国上市公司股权结构的必要性和途径

建立有效的公司治理结构是现代企业制度的核心内容 ,本文分析了我国上市公司股权结构和治理结构存在的问题 ,提出从降低国有股权比例 ,培育寡头垄断型持股主体 ,发展证券投资基金等几个方面入手 ,改善上市公司的股权结构 ,促进有效的公司治理的建立     

Societal Response to Hurricane Mitch and Intra‐ versus Intergenerational Equity Issues: Whose Norms Should Apply?

Late in the 1998 hurricane season, Central America was slammed by a devastating hurricane. Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Belize were greatly impacted by Hurricane Mitch, one of the deadliest storms to affect the region in the past 200 years. The economies of each of these countries were badly affected. In the case of Honduras — at the time the fourth‐poorest country in Latin America — its president suggested that 50 years of progress had been wiped out by the floods and mudslides associated with this relatively short‐lived storm system. Humanitarian assistance poured into the region in the first months following the disaster. As of mid‐2000, various national, bilateral, international, and nongovernmental programs were in progress or on the drawing board for recovery, reconstruction, and renewed development of the worst affected countries. Using Honduras as a case study, some of the ethical issues that abound in the decisions of whom to help, when, and how to help them in the wake of such an extreme climate‐related human tragedy are examined. Should development assistance be focused on those who have been directly and adversely affected by this storm, or should the emphasis be on reducing the risk of exposure by future generations to such disasters? Is there yet another approach that seeks to protect future generations from similar harm while at the same time assisting present‐day victims to get through their hardships?     

刍议股权再融资问题——从理论基础角度

近年来再融资问题受到理论界和实务界的广泛关注，而中国上市公司强烈的股权再融资偏好更是引起了理论界的研究热情，不同学者从不同角度对中国上市公司再融资问题进行研究。笔者从相关概念入手，重点从理论基础角度对上市公司股权再融资问题进行剖析，在公司融资理论基础上，从五个角度对上市公司再融资理论展开评述，从支持选择配股和支持选择增发两方面介绍股权再融资方式选择理论，结合中国上市公司特点及中国资本市场实际情况指出对中国上市公司具有指导意义的理论。     

民航顾客资产驱动因素与顾客满意感和忠诚感关系的实证研究

作者在我国17个民航公司进行了一次实证研究,探讨顾客资产驱动因素和子驱动因素与顾客满意感、归属感和忠诚感的关系。聚类分析与罗吉斯蒂回归分析结果表明,资产价值不同的两类顾客对各类顾客资产驱动因素与子驱动因素的评估存在显著的差异,对民航公司的满意感、归属感和忠诚感也存在显著的差异。顾客对民航公司的满意感、归属感和忠诚感主要是由各类顾客资产驱动因素和子驱动因素决定的,而并非是由顾客的人口统计特点决定的。因此作者指出,民航公司可根据顾客重视的顾客资产驱动因素与子驱动因素细分顾客,针对不同的顾客采取不同的营销策略。     

Development of intercultural competence among US American teachers: professional development factors that enhance competence

The increasing diversity of the student age population in the USA calls for increased cultural competence on behalf of educators to effectively teach students. This article reports on a study of a suburban school district’s initiatives that utilized the Development Model of Intercultural Sensitivity, the Intercultural Development Inventory (IDI) as a baseline measurement tool, and subsequent professional development for teachers, to promote the development of intercultural competence. ANOVA and regression analysis models were used to determine the variables that affect teachers’ perceived intercultural competence after their participation in professional development.