学前儿童基于重量和声音进行因果推理的发展研究

儿童的推理能力历来都是考察儿童认知发展的重点。本研究探讨了在多种属性刺激下3~5岁儿童基于重量和声音进行 因果推理的表现。结果发现：4岁和5岁儿童选择正确目标物的准确率显著高于3岁儿童；和同时使用声音与重量判断目标物相 比，儿童在单独使用重量或声音的情况下更容易区分目标物。总之，儿童因果推理能力发展的关键期在4岁并且当任务难度较高 的情况下其因果机制极易受到干扰。     

Discriminant coordinates analysis for multivariate functional data

Abstract

One of the basic statistical methods of dimensionality reduction is analysis of discriminant coordinates given by Fisher (1936 Fisher, R. A. 1936. The use of multiple measurements in taxonomic problem. Annals of Eugenics 7 (2):179–88. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.1936.tb02137.x.[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]) and Rao (1948). The space of discriminant coordinates is a space convenient for presenting multidimensional data originating from multiple groups and for the use of various classification methods (methods of discriminant analysis). In the present paper, we adapt the classical discriminant coordinates analysis to multivariate functional data. The theory has been applied to analysis of textural properties of apples of six varieties, measured over a period of 180?days, stored in two types of refrigeration chamber.     

Risk Perception and Information Processing: The Development and Validation of a Questionnaire to Assess Self‐Reported Information Processing

The role of information processing in understanding people's responses to risk information has recently received substantial attention. One limitation of this research concerns the unavailability of a validated questionnaire of information processing. This article presents two studies in which we describe the development and validation of the Information‐Processing Questionnaire to meet that need. Study 1 describes the development and initial validation of the questionnaire. Participants were randomized to either a systematic processing or a heuristic processing condition after which they completed a manipulation check and the initial 15‐item questionnaire and again two weeks later. The questionnaire was subjected to factor reliability and validity analyses on both measurement times for purposes of cross‐validation of the results. A two‐factor solution was observed representing a systematic processing and a heuristic processing subscale. The resulting scale showed good reliability and validity, with the systematic condition scoring significantly higher on the systematic subscale and the heuristic processing condition significantly higher on the heuristic subscale. Study 2 sought to further validate the questionnaire in a field study. Results of the second study corresponded with those of Study 1 and provided further evidence of the validity of the Information‐Processing Questionnaire. The availability of this information‐processing scale will be a valuable asset for future research and may provide researchers with new research opportunities.     

The cost‐effectiveness of UK parenting programmes for preventing children's behaviour problems – a review of the evidence

Parenting programmes are widely used in the UK, promoted in policy documents as a cost‐effective way for children's services to address behaviour problems and thereby the longer‐term costs associated with conduct disorders, particularly antisocial behaviour and criminality. To explore whether these programmes are a cost‐effective component of family intervention, this paper examines evidence from cost‐effectiveness studies based on randomized controlled trials, modelling studies estimating longer‐term costs and outcomes, and studies estimating costs of UK parenting programmes, including evidence from routine practice. Findings indicate that parenting programmes have the potential to be cost‐saving in the long term; however, gaps in the evidence include: lack of follow‐up of families who drop out of programmes, absence of control groups in longer‐term follow‐ups, and little information about costs and effects of programmes in routine practice. The size of savings resulting from implementation of effective parenting programmes will depend on the extent to which families likely to be most costly to society attend and experience lasting benefit.     

Improving Weight of Evidence Approaches to Chemical Evaluations

Federal and other regulatory agencies often use or claim to use a weight of evidence (WoE) approach in chemical evaluation. Their approaches to the use of WoE, however, differ significantly, rely heavily on subjective professional judgment, and merit improvement. We review uses of WoE approaches in key articles in the peer‐reviewed scientific literature, and find significant variations. We find that a hypothesis‐based WoE approach, developed by Lorenz Rhomberg et al., can provide a stronger scientific basis for chemical assessment while improving transparency and preserving the appropriate scope of professional judgment. Their approach, while still evolving, relies on the explicit specification of the hypothesized basis for using the information at hand to infer the ability of an agent to cause human health impacts or, more broadly, affect other endpoints of concern. We describe and endorse such a hypothesis‐based WoE approach to chemical evaluation.     

Identifying as an evidence-based social worker: the influence of attitudes,access, confidence,and education

This study explored United States-based social workers’ (N = 152) attitudes toward, access to, and confidence in engaging in evidence-based practice (EBP), the extent to which social work education prepared them to engage in EBP, and the factors that contributed to their identification as an evidence-based practitioner. Findings indicated that although practitioners had a positive attitude toward engaging in EBP, they were only moderately confident in doing so, rarely accessed evidence, and were only moderately prepared through their education. Believing that EBP should be implemented, more educational preparation, and positive attitudes contributed to greater identification as an evidence-based practitioner, areas that social work and continuing education should further support to enhance social workers’ EBP skills.     

民事司法鉴定性质的证据法理分析

在德国、日本及我国台湾地区的民事证据理论上，将鉴定人视为证据方法存在不妥之处。鉴定本质上是法官在鉴定人之辅助下，以被鉴定之物为证据方法、原则上须依当事人申请而启动的证据调查之职权行为。鉴定结论为证据资料。我国学界对司法鉴定之性质的界定有欠准确，因而导致民事司法鉴定外延泛化、混同鉴定之独立性与中立性、对鉴定结论之性质认识错误以及忽视鉴定实施过程中对当事人的程序权利保障等缺陷。     

律师伪证罪的困境与出路

《刑法》第306条有关律师伪证罪的规定一直面临着悖逆民心的困境，但其原因并非实体内容不公正，而是欠缺程序上的合理限制，由此导致它沦为检察机关实施职业报复的工具。将律师纪律处分或行政处罚程序作为刑事诉讼程序的程序性前提，把取消会员资格的行业处分或吊销律师职业证书的行政处罚作为刑事诉讼的实体性前提，并限制刑事侦查的调查范围，可以合理地限制检察机关的偏见和恣意，带领该规定走出当前的困境。     

电子证据概念与审查认定规则的构建研究

电子证据在中国被确立为一种独立证据类型,具有在范畴以及审查认定标准与规则等方面加以特殊研究的必要性。电子证据就其范畴而言,应定义为“以电子形式存储或传输的、用于证明案件事实的数据或信息”,包含“数据、电子、证据”三个要素;就其独立性及其范围而言,区别于书证和物证,但是与证明案件事实的视听资料证据存在交叉,现有立法将交叉部分纳入到电子证据的规制框架之下,这意味着其取证、保存、出示、审查及认定都将适用电子证据的相关规定。电子证据在物理形式与采集技术上的独特性,导致对传统证据相关规则的极大挑战,在真实性审查和认定规则特殊构建方面要求尤为突出。目前国际上对于电子证据真实性审查的规则呈现出两种发展态势：形式审查的门槛在不断降低;这种降低依赖于证据调查活动规范程度的不断提升,即实质审查层面真实性的提升。中国可以借鉴国际经验,确立和完善关于电子证据实质审查和形式审查两个方面的规则。     

高强混凝土高温性能研究进展

对近年来高强混凝土高温性能的研究成果进行了综述与分析,包括热工性、高温下和高温后力学性能以及高强高性能混凝土的爆裂性能。其中,高强混凝土热工性能方面的研究成果较少且研究结果离散性较大;高强混凝土力学性能方面的研究主要集中于抗压强度、抗拉强度、变形性能、弹性模量、泊松比、应力 应变关系等,而对高强混凝土结构、构件高温力学性能和温度场分析方面的研究较少;高强高性能混凝土爆裂方面的研究多集中于爆裂规律和爆裂抑制措施,对爆裂机理和微观结构的研究较少。本文分别从3个方面指出了高强混凝土高温性能研究中存在的问题和今后的研究方向,为深入研究高强混凝土的高温性能提供参考。