独立的环境法益的刑法保护

本文随着独立的环境法益的提出 ,首先 ,从法哲学的角度对我国的环境刑法未充分重视独立的环境法益的保护进行了价值分析 ,并认为应当赋予自然环境以人格的权利。其次 ,从犯罪学和刑法学的角度对独立的环境法益的刑法保护密切相关的行政从属性理论进行了评判 ,认为只有突破功利的价值观和绝对的行政从属性 ,才能反映环境要素的固有存在 ,才是公正的环境刑法。最后 ,在以上前提下对我国环境刑法在独立的环境法益的刑法保护方面进行了新的论证。     

商业保险公司的合约性质

传统观念认为,保险公司是一种特殊的组织,它凭借大数定律把被保险人组织起来,产生自救行为。但是这并不能解释保险公司的投资行为,也不能解释一些保险公司的投资收益占总收益的比率相当大,更不能解释一些保险公司在本原业务的经营出现问题时依靠投资收益走出困境。采用静态分析方法是这一理论的主要局限性。本文拟创造性地综合运用企业理论、金融工程、微观经济学和保险理论的分析方法从一个新的视角──保险企业的合约性质──对保险公司的性质作出分析,并进一步对保险公司为什么需要投资作出新的理论解释。     

论张爱玲《传奇》中的母性批判

张爱玲的小说中出现的母亲大多是有悖于伦理常识的形象,她们构成张爱玲式的"巫母群像",这种母亲形象表现出张爱玲对传统母性观的批判。此倾向的形成,与张爱玲对其母亲的情绪记忆密切相关。同时,张爱玲对母性的批判也暗含着她对女性及人性层面的理性思考与感性期待。     

实现以人为本的的图书馆服务理念

"用户至上,服务第一"是图书馆的核心价值观,图书馆的服务质量直接影响着图书馆工作的发展。本文介绍了新时期图书馆读者服务工作的特征,探讨了图书馆的以人为本、个性化服务内容和服务方式。     

我国宪法与国际人权公约有关人权限制性规定之比较

有关人权限制的问题，我国宪法不论是文本还是理念，都与国际人权公约存在差异，因而产生两者之间的冲突和协调问题。我国宪法限权条款有待明确化、具体化，违宪审查制度有待建立。     

旅游业发展与旅游专业外语人才的培养

旅游业的迅猛发展需求大量的旅游专业外语人才。为适应这种需求 ,旅游外语专业人才的培养模式必须改革     

Reconsidering the Evolution of Nonlinguistic Communication: The Case of Laughter

Nonlinguistic communication is typically proposed to convey representational messages, implying that particular signals are associated with specific signaler emotions, intentions, or external referents. However, common signals produced by both nonhuman primates and humans may not exhibit such specificity, with human laughter for example showing significant diversity in both acoustic form and production context. We therefore outline an alternative to the representational approach, arguing that laughter and other nonlinguistic vocalizations are used to influence the affective states of listeners, thereby also affecting their behavior. In the case of laughter, we propose a primary function of accentuating or inducing positive affect in the perceiver in order to promote a more favorable stance toward the laugher. Two simple strategies are identified, namely producing laughter with acoustic features that have an immediate impact on listener arousal, and pairing these sounds with positive affect in the listener to create learned affective responses. Both depend on factors like the listener's current emotional state and past interactions with the vocalizer, with laughers predicted to adjust their sounds accordingly. This approach is used to explain findings from two experimental studies that examined the use of laughter in same-sex and different-sex dyads composed of either friends or strangers, and may be applicable to other forms of nonlinguistic communication.     

Human Salmonellosis: Estimation of Dose-Illness from Outbreak Data

The quantification of the relationship between the amount of microbial organisms ingested and a specific outcome such as infection, illness, or mortality is a key aspect of quantitative risk assessment. A main problem in determining such dose-response models is the availability of appropriate data. Human feeding trials have been criticized because only young healthy volunteers are selected to participate and low doses, as often occurring in real life, are typically not considered. Epidemiological outbreak data are considered to be more valuable, but are more subject to data uncertainty. In this article, we model the dose-illness relationship based on data of 20 Salmonella outbreaks, as discussed by the World Health Organization. In particular, we model the dose-illness relationship using generalized linear mixed models and fractional polynomials of dose. The fractional polynomial models are modified to satisfy the properties of different types of dose-illness models as proposed by Teunis et al . Within these models, differences in host susceptibility (susceptible versus normal population) are modeled as fixed effects whereas differences in serovar type and food matrix are modeled as random effects. In addition, two bootstrap procedures are presented. A first procedure accounts for stochastic variability whereas a second procedure accounts for both stochastic variability and data uncertainty. The analyses indicate that the susceptible population has a higher probability of illness at low dose levels when the combination pathogen-food matrix is extremely virulent and at high dose levels when the combination is less virulent. Furthermore, the analyses suggest that immunity exists in the normal population but not in the susceptible population.     

论张岱小品文的世俗性

从审美的角度看，张岱的小品文卸去了“文以载道”的传统，以普通人的视角再现明亡之前其亲历的生活，多方面表现了大众风情，具有鲜明的世俗性：把在传统文人看来俗之又俗的生活素材诉诸笔端；牵引市民化的人物走进小品文；尤其小说化语言的运用，使得作品富于生活气息。究其成因，首先是文艺思潮世俗化的时代洪流。涌溢各处、不断浸淫；其次是当时市民阶层爱好并喜做小品文的风气甚炽，使得张岱需要考虑读者的趣味；再次是张岱家世生平的坎坷，使他处于文化边缘的写作境地，用饱含深情的笔墨展现市民形貌、礼赞世俗人生。     

中国古代“天人合一”观的生态伦理意蕴管窥

探讨了儒、道"天人合一"观在生态伦理问题上态度之异同:基于天地生人、万物一体这一共同的根本观念,在人合自然的实践路径上,道家以自然为基点,讲求遵道而行、顺应自然;儒家则主张发挥人的作用力改造自然、人化自然。儒、道还从伦理规范层面提出了人与自然和谐发展的道德要求,为当代社会解决生态危机提供了借鉴。