美国教师职前培养模式的“优秀标准”及其启示

美国综合性大学教师培养已有50多年的历史,哥伦比亚大学教师学院前院长、伍德罗.威尔逊国家基金会主席阿瑟.莱文对全美国1200多所教育学院的教师培养状况进行了4年的翔实研究,提出了综合大学型教师培养模式（项目）的＂优秀标准＂,并以此标准对美国各综合大学型的教师职前培养实践进行了审视和批判。这给我国教师教育改革带来了一些启示,我们应坚持不懈地走教师教育大学化的改革之路,并建立起科学的教师教育质量保障体系,不断推进教师职前培养模式的改革。     

浅析高等教育中择优性与机会公平的矛盾

高等教育哲学存在两种基础,认识论的高等教育哲学和政治论的高等教育哲学。认识论的高等教育哲学要求对大学新生的选择要依照纯粹的择优性原则,而政治论的高等教育哲学其中一个要求是高等教育要保障社会公平。但是在现实社会中,由于经济发展不平衡,初、中等教育资源分配不均等,致使择优性和高等教育机会公平之间存在矛盾。这一矛盾有其自身复杂性和影响因素的表现形式,并在一定社会发展阶段必然存在。为此,要采取积极的策略来缓和这一矛盾。     

Cost of the NSERC Science Grant Peer Review System Exceeds the Cost of Giving Every Qualified Researcher a Baseline Grant

Using Natural Science and Engineering Research Council Canada (NSERC) statistics, we show that the?$40,000 (Canadian) cost of preparation for a grant application and rejection by peer review in 2007 exceeded that of giving every qualified investigator a direct baseline discovery grant of?$30,000 (average grant). This means the Canadian Federal Government could institute direct grants for 100%?of qualified applicants for the same money. We anticipate that the net result would be more and better research since more research would be conducted at the critical idea or discovery stage. Control of quality is assured through university hiring, promotion and tenure proceedings, journal reviews of submitted work, and the patent process, whose collective scrutiny far exceeds that of grant peer review. The greater efficiency in use of grant funds and increased innovation with baseline funding would provide a means of achieving the goals of the recent Canadian Value for Money and Accountability Review. We suggest that developing countries could leapfrog ahead by adopting from the start science grant systems that encourage innovation.     

高校开展学雷锋活动存在的问题与思考

高等院校从育人的责任和使命出发,开展学雷锋活动,培育了一批又一批爱党爱国、助人为乐、敬业奉献的社会主义建设者和接班人,其成就有目共睹。然而,新时期的价值多元和经济全球化,使许多人程度不同地质疑轰轰烈烈学雷锋活动的重要性和必要性。针对高校学雷锋活动的成就与不足,学雷锋活动重在实践、贵在坚持等问题,做了有益的探索。学雷锋活动需要结合新时期特点,从丰富内涵、创新方法、改进成效评价方式入手,将活动不断引向深入。     

The Best of the Brightest: Definitions of the Ideal Self Among Prize-Winning Students

This paper documents and explains characteristics of the ideal self rewarded by the American educational system as defined and projected by high school students who have been selected as Presidential Scholars in a national academic competition sponsored by the Department of Education and a White House Commission. Drawing on analysis of competition essays written by 119 Presidential Scholars and interviews conducted with 19 of them, we identify how these students implicitly and explicitly define the ideal self and what they do to demonstrate that they embody the characteristics of the self they perceive as rewarded by the American educational system. The data show that morality is the most salient dimension of the ideal self displayed by Scholars, and that they define it in terms of self-actualization, authenticity, and interpersonal morality; that Scholars present negative or ambivalent views concerning the importance of socioeconomic status; and that culture as a dimension of the ideal self is highlighted only by a subset of Scholars. In general, their displayed definitions of the ideal self are individualist in content but highly institutionalized in form. We explain our findings by the cultural repertoires that are made available to students and by their life experience and the broader structural characteristics of American society that lead them to draw on specific repertoires.     

The Strategy‐Focused Factory in Turbulent Times

Few unfocused factories outperform competitors, but focus is elusive because the environment is constantly evolving and this requires changes to a factory's key tasks. So how can focus be achieved and sustained? We present insights derived from an historical analysis of the German Hewlett‐Packard server plant which went through a series of focus changes over the years. Using this example, we provide clues for the right timing of focus changes and discuss critical structural and infrastructural changes required during the focus transitions, as well as cross‐functional coordination and leadership challenges. Our assertion is that production operations constitute a system that can adapt to disruptive change by using the levers of manufacturing policies to stay focused on a limited but absolutely essential task which creates a strategic advantage.     

中国古代“医学人文”论

医学人文是人类文明发展的重要标志与历史实践的智慧结晶。中国古代医学人文历史悠久、内涵丰富、思想深刻,是全世界共有的稀缺资源。古人对疾病、治疗、预防、健康、生命的系统思考与经验积累,弥足珍贵,"疾病"不仅是对个体身心患病的写实性描述,而且超越医学本身内涵,被赋予政治、社会、文化、道德等深层意蕴。"以人为本""尊道贵德""大医精诚"是医学人文的思想精髓,具有多层面、跨领域、综合性特点。"医乃仁术"是医学人文精神的最好表达,医学的本质是对"生死之道"的追问,是对生命意义、生命价值的高昂。"健康"指向生命个体处于"神与形俱""阴阳自和""天人合一"的最佳功能状态,关涉医学人文的本体问题,具有人类共同体的普遍意义。"大健康"背景下的治疗观是"医学人文精神"得以确立的重要基础,中国古代倡导"以道驭术",以人文精神引导医学技术的运用;"治未病"思想体现出医学实践的终极目标由"治病"为主向"健康"目标的推进;"以人为本"强调作为医疗对象的"人"的完整性与个性化,重视人类生活的现实存在与精神问题。医学人文精神提倡人性关怀,强调关心人、爱护人、尊重人,不仅体现为"医乃仁术"的普遍自我关怀,而且表现在"生死之道"的价值追求与意义反思,展示出人类的终极关怀与人性观照。深入研究中国古代医学人文,对建设中国特色医学人文学科、实施"健康中国"战略和提升人类健康指数等,具有重大意义。     

高速公路建设项目质量——安全卓越管理模式的框架设计

结合我国高速公路建设项目质量-安全管理实际,研究了质量和安全管理的主要内容以及质量和安全方面的相关性;结合卓越绩效管理的理念,将卓越绩效管理引入我国高速公路建设项目质量-安全管理。在高速公路建设项目质量-安全管理全过程中建立并导入卓越管理模式,提高建设项目质量-安全的管理水平。     

汉代乐府诗中人物肖像“夸饰”描写思想探微

汉乐府民歌《陌上桑》《孔雀东南飞》《羽林郎》在人物肖像描写上,以华丽衣饰映衬女主人公身体之美,却失之于人物的身份和劳动场景的协调,造成作品内容的缺陷和矛盾。从农耕民族的心理结构、风骚抒情传统的崇德因子、两汉靡丽多夸的社会风尚三个方面尝试分析形成乐府诗中人物肖像＂夸饰＂描写的思想根源,可以从多角度阅读和欣赏汉乐府民歌。     

隐-秀的继承性创新性和价值性研究——论《文心雕龙》中一项重要的审美原则及其建构

探析中国古代审美思想史可见,其中贯穿着以珠-水关系喻示文-道关系的形象化思维方式构成的文脉,且这个方式的意向性建构与潜在逻辑关系所蕴含的审美心理、美感经验、审美理想,乃至隐秀说的思维结构及其生成机制,皆可溯源到老子庄子审美思想等;这审美心理结构方式不仅在南北朝化入了刘勰的文论体系而奠基为重要的审美原则,且其中潜在的逻辑关系和要义下启意境说,即它融入了古典美学主潮而呈现着鲜明的民族特色,也佐证着中西文化之别。