Community-based approaches to social exclusion among rural-to-urban migrants in China

Rural-to-urban migrants in China face numerous forms of social exclusion. This article argues that community-based approaches offer innovative ways with which to tackle the problems of social exclusion for rural-to-urban migrants, yet these approaches have been neglected. This article first provides an overview of the concept of social exclusion, as developed by Western European scholarship and policy discourse. Next, it examines the ways in which these concepts are relevant to the context of rural-to-urban migrants within China. Finally, this article conceptualizes the social exclusion paradigm from a community practice perspective and offers the implications of this paradigm for community-level interventions.     

The Lived Experience of Transport Structure: An Exploration of Transport's Role in People's Lives

This article is oriented towards the tensions between the local character of the lived experience of transport and the more general view taken in transport policy studies. The article presents research conducted in 2002–2005 into the lived experience of transport structure: it represents a social transport policy approach to the phenomenon of suppressed journeys and barriers to travel. The research was funded by the Department for Transport with the primary goal of exploring the complexities associated with travel among different social groups and across different geographic locations. Two case studies were undertaken, one in a rural location and one in a peripheral urban location in Oxfordshire. Analysis of the case‐study materials resulted in a number of findings, the most pertinent of which is that there is a major consultation gap between users of the transport system and planners of that system. Additionally, existing methodologies in transport and travel under‐record and under‐represent the barriers to mobility experienced in the routine of everyday life within contemporary Britain.     

Intensity and persistence of individuals' social exclusion in Australia

We construct a measure of social exclusion that recognises its multidimensionality at the individual level, including its potential variability in intensity at a point in time and in persistence over time. We distinguish seven dimensions or domains of social exclusion: material resources; employment; education and skills; health and disability; social; community; and personal safety. For each of these seven domains, several indicators of social exclusion are produced. Our exclusion measure identifies 20 to 30 per cent of the Australian population aged 15 years and over as experiencing ‘marginal’ or worse levels of exclusion at any given point in time. However, there is considerable variation in both the extent and persistence of exclusion among the excluded. We further find that, although there are commonalities in the demographic composition of the socially excluded and the income poor, there are also some important differences. For example, persons 65 years and over represent a much smaller share of the most ‘excluded’ group than they do of the ‘poorest‘; and – adopting a household‐level measure of exclusion – children represent a larger share of the excluded than they do of the poor.     

刑事诉讼法违法证据排除法则的分析

通过对违法证据排除法则的概念、英美法律中该法则发展状况的分析和论证,提出我国刑事诉讼法也应适用该规则,并应采用既注重内容、又兼顾形式的“部分排除”原则。     

An individual-based model for competingDrosophila populations

An individual-based model forDrosophila is formulated, based on competition amongst larvae consuming the same batch of food. The predictions of the model are supported by data for single speciesDrosophila populations reared in the laboratory. The model is used to build a simple discrete model for the dynamics ofDrosophila populations that are kept over a number of generations. The dynamics of a single species is shown to give either a stable equilibrium or fluctuations which can be periodic or chaotic. When the dynamics of a species in the absence of the other is periodic or chaotic, we found coexistence or two alternative states, on neither of which the species can coexist.     

A Likelihood‐Based Analysis for Relaxing the Exclusion Restriction in Randomized Experiments with Noncompliance

The exclusion restriction is usually assumed for identifying causal effects in true or only natural randomized experiments with noncompliance. It requires that the assignment to treatment does not have a direct causal effect on the outcome. Despite its importance, the restriction can often be unrealistic, especially in situations of natural experiments. It is shown that, without the exclusion restriction, the parametric model is identified if the outcome distributions of various compliance statuses are in the same parametric class and that class is a linearly independent set over the field of real numbers. However, the relaxation of the exclusion restriction yields a parametric model that is characterized by the presence of mixtures of distributions. This scenario complicates the likelihood‐based estimation procedures because it implies more than one maximum likelihood point. A two‐step estimation procedure based on detecting the root that is closest to the method of moments estimate of the parameter vector is then proposed and analyzed in detail, under normally distributed outcomes. An economic example with real data concerning returns to schooling concludes the paper.     

论竞争法中两种限制竞争行为的区别与联系

限购排挤行为,是指公用企业或者其他依法具有独占地位的经营者,为了排挤其他经营者而限定他人购买其指定的经营者的商品的行为。滥用行政权力限制竞争行为,根据《反不正当竞争法》第7条的规定,是指政府及其所属部门滥用行政权力,限定他人购买其指定的经营者的商品,限制其他经营者正当的经营活动,或者限制经营者跨地区、跨部门的交易,干扰、阻碍正常的交易活动的行为。限购排挤行为与滥用行政权力限制竞争行为是两种不同的限制竞争行为。对二者进行合理、有效的规制,是竞争法的重要任务。作者阐明这两种行为的概念、特征、法律规制之必要性,并在此基础上对二者进行比较分析,有助于正确地认识和规制这两种行为。     

美国印第安农村人口的经济现状

20世纪在经济复苏背后,美国印第安社会依然存在低收入、高失业率、持续贫困问题。透过美国印第安农村人口的经济现状,分析了影响印第安经济现状的几大客观因素:地理、人口与受教育状况、就业结构与收入水平、产业结构以及美联邦福利制度的转向。最后,从社会学的角度入手,认为导致印第安农村人口持久贫困的根源存在于主流社会的排斥机制之中。     

高校家庭经济困难学生的社会融合问题研究

伴随我国高校招生规模的不断扩大和高校收费制度改革的推进，高校出现了“家庭经济困难学生”这一特殊群体。高校家庭经济困难学生遭受社会排斥的形式表现为经济排斥、同群排斥和心理排斥。国家、社会和学校应该高度关注高校家庭经济困难学生的社会融合状况，国家资助政策是高校家庭经济困难学生融合的有力途径，应进一步完善资助政策体系，有针对性地开展思想政治教育和心理健康引导。     

权利效能视角下的非法证据排除

非法证据排除的权利效能是辩方排除非法证据的实际效果与法律授予的理想权利之间的比值。非法证据排除规则赋予了辩方较大的权利,并随着诉讼进程而增强。但实际所取得的效益却是逐程减弱,并最终在庭审阶段降至权利效能的最低点。这种尴尬局面是由法律、制度以及辩护策略等原因造成。从诉讼结构出发去研究权利效能,对于完善该制度具有功能意义,应从保证控辩双方效能值的全程一致、限制法官自由裁量权与完善辩方权利行使机制三个方面着手构建。