Welfare Rigidity,the Composition of Public Expenditure and the Welfare Trap

Welfare expenditure is characterized by rigidity, i.e., it goes up easily but is very hard to get down. We introduced welfare rigidity into an endogenous growth model that includes government expenditure to analyze the impact of welfare rigidity and the composition of public expenditure on economic growth and family utility. Our findings show that welfare spending and economic growth have a non-monotonic relationship that is negative or inverted U-shaped depending on cross-country differences. Higher welfare rigidity reduces long-term economic growth and household utility. According to the estimated optimal size of welfare expenditure, China, as a developing country with a large population, has to do all it can to improve people’s livelihood but must at the same time weigh its limited resources so that its welfare expenditure does not fall into a “welfare trap.”     

Out-of-Pocket Health Care Expenditures by Russian Consumers with Different Health Status

The paper uses the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey 2003 database to study the types of official and shadow out-of-pocket health care expenditures by consumers with high and low health status. The analysis shows that the inability of less healthy people to pay unofficially for more effective outpatient care results in their higher demand for official inpatient and outpatient treatment. This pattern creates the need to sustain excessive inpatient facilities and slows down health care restructuring. Yet, since the state is incapable of fulfilling its obligations for providing free health care and meet the current demand, in inpatient institutions all consumers, and less healthy ones in particular, spend considerable sums on drugs, even though the latter are guaranteed to be free. Consequently, the current Russian health system itself leads to replacing outpatient with inpatient care, which is more costly both for the patients and for the state.      

中国医疗卫生行业发展影响因素的提炼与甄别

关于卫生行业发展影响因素的现有研究多数基于定性分析，而实证研究较少。为从静态和动态两个角度将经济社会发展对卫生行业发展的制约关系进行量化与应用研究，建立多元线性回归模型和ARMA（1，1）模型将社会经济因素对卫生行业发展的影响程度和影响方向进行提炼与甄别，结果表明：人均收入水平、财政卫生支出是影响中国卫生服务业发展的两个主要因素，城乡收入比和人口老龄化对卫生行业发展的影响还不是很显著。     

大学生消费调查分析

根据江苏科技大学402名大学生的消费抽样调查资料,分析了大学生消费的差异及原因,通过建立Logistic回归模型证实了家庭收入差别是引发学生消费差异的根本因素,同时针对目前大学生消费的一些不合理现象,提出了引导大学生消费需加强荣辱观教育和理财知识教育的建议。     

Gambling participation in Australia: findings from the national Household Expenditure Survey

Regression modeling is used to predict gambling patterns in Australia on the basis of the unit record files underlying the Australian Bureau of Statistics’ Household Expenditure Survey of 6,892 households. The four largest categories of gambling expenditure are examined, namely: lottery tickets, lotto-type games and instant lottery (scratch cards), TAB (pari-mutuel wagering) and related on course betting, and poker (slot) machines and ticket machines. Determining factors analyzed include the source and level of household income, family composition and structure, welfare status, gender, age, ethnicity and geographic location. Apart from the determinants of expenditure varying widely across the different types of gambling activity, the results generally indicate that the source of household income is more important than the level of income and that household composition and regional location are likewise significant in determining gambling expenditure.      

江苏省农村老年人医疗消费行为研究——以苏北农村地区为例

通过对老龄化程度较高的江苏省的实地调查,利用两部模型法对农村老年人医疗消费行为进行实证分析,结果表明,老年人口特有的生理特征和疾病模式决定了老年人群拥有更大的健康风险和更多的医疗消费需求,老年人的个人和家庭特征、经济状况、健康状况、疾病的严重程度、参加合作医疗的情况和医疗服务的质量等因素对农村老年人口医疗消费起着决定作用.     

基于DEA模型的我国地方政府环境保护支出效率评价

生态环境关系人民福祉,也是经济系统健康运行的基础,为保持经济的可持续发展,必须协调好环境保护与经济发展的关系. 本文利用DEA非参数技术测度了我国省级地方政府的环境保护支出效率. 实证结果表明:十七大以来我国环境保护支出效率整体上获得了显著改善,但仍有较大的提升空间;环境保护支出效率表现出显著的区域差异,特别是生态脆弱的西部地区环境保护支出效率一直以来都远低于东中部地区;我国各省份由于财政能力、技术水平和管理制度不同,环境保护支出效率具有不同的改进模式.     

唐初农民家庭收支与社会发展

家庭是社会的细胞,农民是国家财富最基本的创造者和国家赋役的承担者,其家庭经济状况与社会发展有着极其密切的关系,可以说是社会经济兴衰的晴雨表。在唐初均田制度和重农劝耕的政策之下,农民获得了较低的生产成本和宽松的生产环境。农民在完成国家赋役、保证自身日常生活的基础上,家庭收入还略有剩余。家庭收入的剩余提高了农民的生产积极性,使他们有条件去改善生活和扩大再生产,从而促进了生产的发展和人口的增加,为唐王朝的繁盛富强奠定了坚实的基础。     

中国农业财政支出的政策取向

随着我国经济的发展和 1 979年以来市场化取向的农村改革 ,国家对农业的调控和保护日趋重视 ,特别是在农业公共物品的建设中 ,财政投入已经具有基础性、引导性和不可替代的作用。随着中国加入世贸组织 (WTO) ,财政对农业的支持政策应当逐步按照WTO农业条款的要求进行调整。本文着重分析新时期中国在WTO框架下的农业财政支出政策 ,建议将农业财政支出划分为农业公共性支出、农业调控性支出和农业保护性支出三个部分 ,不同的部分采用不同的决策方式和支付政策 ,以提高农业财政资金的使用效率     

循环经济的税收支出推进途径研究

目前资源约束已经成为我国经济发展的巨大障碍,如何采取措施推进循环经济发展成为政府和理论界面临的紧迫课题。在简述循环经济和税收支出理论的基础上,分析税收支出对推进循环经济的作用,提出刺激循环性生产技术研发,循环性产品生产、消费、回收利用等方面的税收支出措施。