Citizenship, ‘rubbished’ dissidents and local restoration of the dead – the execution of Luri political activists in south-western Iran

The paper's focus is a critical moment in the trajectory of the Islamic state in Iran, the trace of which was still discernible in the presidential election of 2009. It draws on ethnographic research among the Lurs of south-western Iran between 1979–1982 to examine the impact of the abolition of politics as contested representations at the centre on a ‘remote’ periphery. The end of a short-lived political activity, as a distinct form of power, in Iran in 1981 was earmarked by mass executions of which only 1600 had been officially counted for the period of 20 June to September 1981 (Amnesty International). The executed were guilty of expressing dissent against divine rule of which the Islamic state was an embodiment. Although the Lurs paid a less heavy penalty for this ‘crime’ than elsewhere in the country the survivors' response to the loss of a young relative in the hands of Islamic executioners was noticeably muted. The response is looked at as the restoration of the status of the dead to the executed relative whose body had been ‘rubbished’ – wrapped in an American flag and abandoned unburied in a desolate place by the Muslim executioners. The paper argues ‘rubbishing’ signified the annihilation of citizenship under the Islamic rule in which the body of the citizen is seen as harbouring ‘the most corrupt’ subject, the sinner who could not even be ‘rectified’ through a less destructive use of force – flogging and mutilation. It, therefore, had to be disposed of – ‘rubbished’. The survivors, on the other hand, by confining themselves to the symbolic return of the executed relative to the community left unacknowledged his quest for equality and liberty. By their reluctance to remember and recount the executed's words and deeds the survivors refused to grant him the ‘immortality’ of a citizen whose death outlived his destruction. The brutal suppression of political agency at the centre and its muted recognition in the periphery are explained as a negation of political power. The power entails postponing the use of force to the last resort thus allowing plurality as a human condition to be realised. Consequent on this realisation is the publicly contested opinions by many who would inevitably challenge the truths guarded by few both at the centre and periphery. It was this challenge that led the ruling mullahs to invoke the Koranic Truths to annihilate the disseminators of opinions. The unspoken citizenship of the annihilated dissidents in the periphery served in turn to reassert the Lurs' historically cherished otherness geared to the use of force. The citizenship called for a discursive inclusion of Lurs, through the use of ‘the pen’, in a wider world, by postponing the use of force. In contrast, the traditional Luri rebels relied heavily on an immediate use of force, through the celebrated ‘rifle’, to perpetuate their perceived inaccessibility. Resistance leads to emancipation, the paper argues, when the particularised subjectivity of local actors is superseded in the universal – objectified – political space in which the agent, i.e. the citizen, overrides the boundaries within which localness is reproduced.     

浅析《哈姆雷特》中语言的语用模糊现象

本文通过对莎士比亚著作《哈姆雷特》主人公的语言进行分析,领悟其戏剧语言中深层次的内涵和魅力。     

Are baby‐boomers healthy enough to keep working? Health as a mediator of extended labour force participation

One strategy to reduce the economic impact of structural ageing is to increase and/or extend the workforce participation of older workers. Currently, a large proportion of this group consists of post‐World War II baby‐boomers (1946–1965) whose characteristics, experiences and attitudes differ markedly from their predecessors. Maintaining good health underpins strategies to extend workforce participation among baby‐boomers but there is little hard evidence supporting the assumption that baby‐boomers are generally in good health compared to previous generations and will, therefore, be able to work longer. Using a dataset that includes biomedical and self‐reported health for a representative sample of South Australian baby‐boomers, we analyse the extent to which current labour force participation is mediated by health. We find that health is a significant factor in workforce exits. Respondents with fair‐to‐poor self‐rated health, or with diabetes, arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cardiovascular disease, were more likely to be retired or unable to work, and around 10 per cent of older baby‐boomers (born 1946–1955) who have left the workforce rate their health as poor or fair. The data suggest that these patterns are likely to be replicated in younger baby‐boomers (born 1956–1965).     

“自然恢复为主”的规范内涵与法律实施机制

“自然恢复为主”是我国生态修复领域的指导思想与重要原则之一,指主要依靠自然的自我调节能力和自组织能力来恢复生态系统的健康状态。近年来,这一表述在各级政策、法规文件中被屡次提及,围绕相关要求衍生出的诸多释义与解读持续吸引多方关注。尽管“自然恢复”一词作为发轫于生态学界的专有名词已具备较为完善的科学内涵,但若对“自然恢复为主”同样基于自然科学视角进行同质化解构,恐将导致其难以为修复实践提供清晰、明确的法律指引。为进一步探究“自然恢复为主”的法律内涵,在梳理相关概念在规范性文件与生态科学领域的演变历程,对比其应用场景、本质要求及主要措施之后,重新阐释了“自然恢复为主”在规范层面的应有之义。在机制建构方面,“自然恢复为主”的法律实施须以法理层面的价值引导为前提,以自然恢复力之法律载体的确认与保护为重心,以制定规则化的适应性管理要求为保障,以实现社会-生态复合系统下的刚性约束为旨归。     

Nature or Nurture? Learning and the Geography of Female Labor Force Participation

One of the most dramatic economic transformations of the past century has been the entry of women into the labor force. While many theories explain why this change took place, we investigate the process of transition itself. We argue that local information transmission generates changes in participation that are geographically heterogeneous, locally correlated, and smooth in the aggregate, just like those observed in our data. In our model, women learn about the effects of maternal employment on children by observing nearby employed women. When few women participate in the labor force, data are scarce and participation rises slowly. As information accumulates in some regions, the effects of maternal employment become less uncertain and more women in that region participate. Learning accelerates, labor force participation rises faster, and regional participation rates diverge. Eventually, information diffuses throughout the economy, beliefs converge to the truth, participation flattens out, and regions become more similar again. To investigate the empirical relevance of our theory, we use a new county‐level data set to compare our calibrated model to the time series and geographic patterns of participation.     

外部冲击与中国宏观经济波动——基于SVAR模型的实证分析

基于1978—2010年时间序列数据,本文依据新经济增长理论与国际贸易理论构建结构向量自回归模型,分析了外部冲击对中国宏观经济波动的影响。检验结果表明：在所有预测期内,中国宏观经济波动的标准差不大,但有逐渐增加的趋势;短期内,出口的波动会加剧中国宏观经济的波动,而外商直接投资和进口波动的影响方向则相反;外部冲击对中国宏观经济稳定的影响较小,但随着滞后期的延长,解释力度有逐年增加的趋势,并且进口的贡献度最大,出口次之,FDI最小。     

基于计量分析的河南省旅游业战略可行性研究

以河南省1999年到2010年的旅游收入、国内生产总值统计数据为基础,借鉴国际上先进的推动力模型建立了旅游业推动力模型,并对收集到的数据进行回归分析,对河南省旅游业12年来发展的一些重要数据进行了研究,分析结果证明河南省的旅游收入对河南省GDP的增长作用显著,进一步验证了河南省大力发展旅游业战略的可行性和正确性,在此基础上本文还简要提出了河南省今后进一步促进旅游业健康发展的建议。     

“可知我常一生儿爱好是天然”——小议《牡丹亭》的主题

参考前人观点,提出汤显祖在《牡丹亭》中通过杜丽娘慕色还魂的故事赞扬了人至纯的"天然"本性力量,要求从世俗枷锁中解放这种"天然"本性,这本性的解放即从肉体欲望到个性精神的全面自由。     

砌体结构体外预应力抗震加固计算方法研究

利用砌体剪 压复合受力的相关性所带来的抗剪潜力,提出了采用体外预应力法对砌体结构进行抗震加固。通过整体张拉通长设于砌体墙外部两侧全高范围内的预应力筋对墙体施压,改善了结构自身内在的抗震性能。据库仑强度理论,以典型的四层砌体教学楼结构为例,讨论了该种抗震加固设计的简化计算方法。同时,考虑到结构各楼层各位置墙体受压状况的不同,提出了采用“预应力分级键”对预应力筋进行分级张拉的策略,实现了按照各墙体所需来施加对应大小的压应力,从而将原结构的有利因素充分调动起来为抗震加固服务,必要时还需设置柔性斜拉杆。     

FDI对辽宁省装备制造业产业安全影响的实证分析

辽宁省是我国重要的装备制造业基地,沈阳市更是其发展装备制造业的重中之重。但是在装备制造业发展过程中难免会遇到产业安全问题,因此,有必要对沈阳市装备制造业的产业安全问题进行研究和分析。从产业国内环境、产业竞争力、产业对外依存度和产业控制力4个方面进行实证分析,认为辽宁装备制造业总体处于不安全状态。