Protecting the Nation's Military May Include the Use of Investigational New Drugs

Clinician researchers have a number of roles, each of which carries specific obligations. There are times when these obligations may be in competition (up to and including conflict) with each other. Using a narrative case study that describes a group of colleagues discussing their clinical department's participation in an industry-sponsored research protocol, we illustrate a number of the obligations faced by clinician researchers, and discuss how competing interests and obligations can lead to ethical problems. The case study is followed by a discussion of the effect of university–industry relations on competing interests and obligations in both clinical research and the role of the university, and a suggested framework that could be used to determine when university involvement in commercial research is ethically acceptable.     

“无直接利益冲突”:政治伦理争夺与价值规范

现代国家的稳定与统一,很大程度上取决于市民社会的发展。市民社会安定、有序的发展必须科学化解"无直接利益冲突"事件。从现实上看,"无直接利益冲突"是公众与国家权威争夺政治伦理价值的结果。事件参与者更多地是表达自己的利益诉求、维护既定的生活秩序、实现个人利益与公共权力的统一。为了从理论上理清"无直接利益冲突"事件中伦理价值争夺,可以把"无直接利益冲突"事件发生分解为社会空间、制度认可、社会情感、目标选择四个环节。经过案例分析可以得出,为了消解政治伦理争夺,必须构造社会成员认可的价值规范。通过塑造民主价值,建立法治权威,建构科学的权力道德评判体系,维护社会的公平正义等手段,让"无直接利益冲突"消弭在国家与社会的基层层面。     

Developing a clinical trial governance framework for pharmaceutical industry-funded clinical trials

ABSTRACT

Rising concerns relating to pharmaceutical sponsor bias in the conduct of clinical trials have compelled the need to develop a clinical trial governance framework. This article describes the development of the Conflict of Interest in Research (COIR), a clinical trial governance framework. The COIR, consisting of three process phases (initiation, concurrent, and ongoing), developed following a needs assessment, using a four-stage methodology, and evaluated against the International Conference on Harmonization--Good Clinical Practice (ICH-GCP) guidelines. The Conflict of Interest Resolution algorithm, the backbone of COIR, enables constant surveillance to detect/resolve conflicts at all stages of the clinical trial life-cycle. COIR promotes interaction between the regulatory system and the sponsors, independent of individuals. COIR enables rapid detection of scientific and financial conflicts, to prevent subject harm and, to assure optimal funds utilization, the latter feature helped to reduce a significant burden for the ethics committee, as it lacks financial expertise. COIR is a semi-automated Oracle system, requires manpower, and is affected by human expertise and subjectivity. Complete automation to overcome this limitation will still need human expertise to scale changing trial regulations. Nevertheless, the COIR has won the distinction of the “most favored site” from pharmaceutical sponsors and is anticipated to be adopted by other clinical trial sites.     

Supervisor–Student Relations: Examining the Spectrum of Conflicts of Interest in Bioscience Laboratories

Much attention has been given to financial conflicts of interest (COIs) in bioscience research. Yet to date, surprisingly little attention has focused on other COIs that arise in supervisor--student relations. We examine a spectrum of related situations, ranging from standard graduate supervision through to dual relationships sometimes found in research with commercial potential. We illustrate some of the less-obvious factors that can bias supervisory judgment, and situate financial COI along a spectrum of forces that are deserving of recognition. We conclude by providing two sets of recommendations: one for individual supervisors, and the other for institutions and policy-makers.     

对我国贷款利率放开的辩证分析

我国利率市场化步伐的加快,将我国市场经济发展推向了一个新的里程。利率市场化改革中贷款利率的放开是我国利率改革的一个历史标志,是存款利率放开的前奏,它显然对于金融市场、商业银行、企业等起到了推动作用,但无疑也会给金融业带来更多的风险,面对贷款利率放开后的一系列影响,我国应该转换政府职能、提升银行综合业务能力、完善相关配套制度等,以保证利率市场化的平稳过度。     

论慈善公益组织的法律地位

在我国慈善事业中,政府对慈善公益组织的地位影响巨大,当前的慈善事业正处于从行政垄断型向开放市场型转变的阶段,转变的关键在于合理定位政府和慈善公益组织之间的关系.为了促进慈善公益组织的效率和透明度,一方面须明确慈善公益组织的法律地位,保证慈善公益组织平等获取慈善资源的能力;另一方面须明确和强化政府对慈善公益组织的依法监管的职能和责任,建立和完善政府对公益慈善机构指导、规范和监管的法律规则.     

高职护理专业学生的职业兴趣特点及影响因素

目的:调查分析高职护理专业学生的职业兴趣特点及影响因素,了解其职业心理特征,对构建具有良好职业心理状态的护生队伍有启示和指导作用.方法:应用基本资料调查表和霍兰德中国职业兴趣量表对滁州城市职业学院425名高职护理专业学生进行问卷调查,用SPSS17.0统计软件进行数据统计分析.结果:调查对象中社会型学生占63.5％;无打工经历、“自己意愿”就读和高职二年级学生中社会型的比例及职业兴趣高于其他学生(P＜0.05).结论:高职护理专业学生的职业兴趣与所学专业的专业匹配度较好;二年级是护生职业兴趣改变的关键时期;无打工经历、“自己意愿”就读护生的职业兴趣更趋向于社会型.     

检察机关提起民事公益诉讼问题研究

由检察机关提起民事公益诉讼以维护社会公共利益,是世界各国的通例。我国部分地区的检察机关对此也开展了积极的尝试,取得了良好的法律效果和社会效果,但也遭受了诸如缺乏法律依据,破坏诉讼结构,影响当事人的处分权等质疑。通过分析这些质疑,指出检察机关提起民事公益诉讼的合法性与合理性,并对检察机关提起民事公益诉讼应当遵循的原则,所承担的举证责任和享有的调查权、处分权等问题进行论证,希望能对我国检察机关民事公益诉讼制度的构建有所裨益。     

扩大新社会阶层有序政治参与的途径

随着新社会阶层经济实力的增强,其政治参与意识日益突出,政治利益诉求日益强烈,已成为现实政治生活中一支不可忽视的政治力量。新社会阶层政治参与反映着其在社会政治生活中的地位和作用,体现着党和政府与公民之间的互动关系,是衡量我国政治民主和政治现代化的重要尺度。从政治学的视角,在对新社会阶层政治参与的特点及存在问题进行分析的基础上,试图从加强教育培训、把握舆论导向和拓宽参与渠道3个方面入手,深入探索扩大我国新社会阶层有序政治参与的有效途径。     

Human Services Interest Groups in Four States

ABSTRACT

The NASW Code of Ethics requires social workers to try to improve the system for clients as well as to help people empower themselves. One method to achieve these goals is to develop and use interest groups in the political process. Little empirical research exists in the social work literature about interest groups active in social welfare policy-making. This paper describes the demographic characteristics of groups active in social welfare policy-making in four states; discusses what they do to influence policy in the legislative and executive branches; and reviews the groups' self-reported effectiveness. Several practice principles are then derived from the results.