Partner behaviours improving breastfeeding outcomes: An integrative review

ProblemThe impact of specific supportive behaviours of a woman’s partner on breastfeeding outcomes is unclear.BackgroundBreastfeeding is beneficial for the infant, mother, and society. Partner support plays a significant role in promoting breastfeeding. Strategies to improve breastfeeding rates have had limited success with rates worldwide remaining well below World Health Organization recommendations, contributing to significant morbidity, mortality, and economic burden globally.AimTo determine what specific supportive behaviours of a breastfeeding woman’s partner increase breastfeeding initiation, exclusivity, and duration rates in Western-culture settings.MethodsA Population-Interest-Context framework-based search strategy was applied to the Cumulative Index to Nursing Allied Health Literature Plus with full-text, Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases, limited to primary research published January 2008–December 2018 in English conducted in Western-culture settings.FindingsFrom 652 articles, after critical appraisal seven articles (eight studies) satisfied the requirements of this integrative review. Supportive behaviours were categorised as knowledge, help, encouragement, and responsiveness. Help and encouragement behaviours were associated with increased initiation. Results were mixed regarding behaviours affecting exclusivity and duration; however, responsiveness was found to ameliorate otherwise generally negative effects of knowledge, help, and encouragement on these outcomes.DiscussionConsistent with wider social support research, awareness of receiving support is associated with negative health consequences. However, where partner support is provided in a responsive manner as part of a ‘breastfeeding team’, thereby promoting the woman’s sense of autonomy and self-efficacy, breastfeeding outcomes improve.ConclusionResponsive partner behaviours improved breastfeeding outcomes in Western-culture settings. Further primary research is needed.     

Probiotics and human lactational mastitis: A scoping review

ProblemLactational mastitis is a common condition amongst breastfeeding women. It is associated with decreased breastfeeding rates and often treated with antibiotics.BackgroundThe anti-inflammatory effects of probiotics have been identified as a potential treatment or prevention strategy for lactational mastitis leading to increased commercial and public interest. Despite the marketing of probiotics to women, evidence is still emerging as to its efficacy.Aim/MethodsThis scoping review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) to identify and examine the evidence around probiotic consumption and lactational mastitis. The review addressed the question; what is the evidence regarding probiotic consumption and human lactational mastitis? Studies were critically appraised using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist for randomised control trials (RCTs).FindingsFive RCTs met the inclusion criteria; three concerned probiotic consumption for the treatment of mastitis, two for the prevention of mastitis. All reported a lower incidence of mastitis in the probiotic groups.DiscussionAlthough potentially promising results were reported across all studies there were significant methodological limitations concerning; appropriately described baseline characteristics, study hypotheses, lack of power calculations, definitional issues, and potential conflicts of interest.ConclusionProbiotics may have utility for the treatment or prevention of lactational mastitis. However only a few studies with significant limitations have been published to date. Well designed and conducted studies are needed before evidence-based recommendations can be made for use of probiotics in the treatment or prevention of lactational mastitis.     

生长獭兔和肉兔的饲喂方式、采食量及其效果比较试验

对生长獭兔和两个品种肉兔的饲喂采用以青饲料为主，适当补充精料，相间定时饲喂，自由饮水的方式，结果加州肉兔的幼兔和青年免比同期獭兔多采食青料25％～33．3％，生长速度分别比獭兔提高18．5％和20．4％；齐卡肉兔的初生重明显高于獭兔，产仔数明显低于獭兔，35日龄断奶成活率稍高于獭兔，幼兔日增重比獭兔提高17．6％。     

钢轨砂带磨削中的力特性分析

本文对钢轨砂带磨机中出现的“重磨”、“轻磨”、抱带、断带等问题进行了分析研究，并提出了解决上述问题的可行性方法。     

Al3+,Cr3+及Cd2+对日本三角涡虫摄食和运动行为的影响

以涡虫完全解体为死亡标准,在室温(26±1℃)下研究了Al3+,Cr3+及Cd2+分别对日本三角涡虫(Duge-sia japonica)的急性毒性,并运用图像分析技术对不同实验条件下三角涡虫的摄食和运动行为进行了定量分析.结果表明:在急性毒性实验处理96 h后,在cAl3+≥0.75 mmo/L,cCr3+≥0.2 mmol/L,cCd2+≥0.006 mmol/L时,涡虫全部死亡,且致死时间与药品浓度呈正相关;在cAl3+=0.15～0.65 mmol/L,cCr3+=0.05～0.15 mmol/L,cCd2+=0.002～0.005 mmol/L处理下均未有涡虫致死现象,但对涡虫的摄食和运动行为均有一定影响;随Al3+浓度的增高和处理时间的延长,实验组涡虫的活动范围和摄食率都降低;较低浓度的Cr3+对涡虫的运动和摄食行为具有促进作用,而较高浓度的Cr3+则有抑制作用;较低浓度的Cd2+对涡虫的运动和摄食率的影响不大,而较高浓度Cd2+实验组涡虫的爬行速度和摄食率均下降.     

Making Milk and Money: Contemporary Mothers' Orientations to Breastfeeding and Work

In most Western industrial nations, gains have been made in women's educational and occupational opportunities as part of a larger gender revolution. At the same time, contemporary mothering expectations have expanded and intensified, especially the renewed focus on breastfeeding as the “optimal” choice for infant feeding. How do women perceive the simultaneous pursuit of these activities? Prior scholarship has identified tensions in cultural models of breastfeeding as well as in women's subjective experiences, emphasizing how breastfeeding is shaped and encountered through sociocultural context, especially ideologies that position work and mothering as incompatible. Building on this, I examine how the current generation of working mothers view working and breastfeeding. Through in‐depth interviews with 32 U.S. women, I show how women espouse distinctly different orientations to breastfeeding: instrumentalist, quasi‐maternalist, and pragmatist. I argue that these different orientations both reflect and reframe existing cultural models and discourses about contemporary women's relationships to work, mothering, and breastfeeding.     

Incorporating physiology into parasitoid behavioral ecology: the allocation of nutritional resources

A critical problem faced by most theoretical studies of parasitoid behavior and population dynamics has been the paucity of empirically obtained information about the pattern of resource allocation to egg production and metabolic maintenance in relation to adult diet in female parasitoids. This review calls for a shift from traditional manipulative feeding studies to studies that quantify the energetic budget of parasitoids and which take into account the dynamic nature of metabolic processes. As guidelines, we highlight the advances made along these lines with other insect groups and some of the simplest tools already available today for fulfilling this goal. Received: December 22, 1998 / Accepted: January 12, 1999     

柜式喂料机电子秤系统防堵料改进

为解决柜式喂料机电子秤这一定量喂料系统频繁堵料问题,通过对设备结构及控制匹配进行研究,分析了堵料 原因。堵料主要发生在尾料阶段的柜式喂料机出口处,这是由松料辊反转导致出料的楔形空间过小所致;爬坡输送带与 计量管间的落料口处堵料,这是由计量管料位光电管与喂料机底带和爬坡带的匹配不当,以及高料位光电管与落料缩口 间的缓冲空间不足导致。通过重新调整松料辊轴承座位置、设定新的喂料机底带、爬坡带调速模型,以及调整高料位光 电管位置等方法进行了改进。应用效果表明,改进后定量喂料系统较好地解决了堵料问题,堵料频次由原来的18.7次／ 月减少到0.3次／月,保证了物料流量稳定性。     

Impact of COVID-19 on breastfeeding intention and behaviour among postpartum women in five countries

BackgroundStudies regarding the impact of COVID-19 on breastfeeding have mostly used single- country samples or a qualitative design.AimThe objective of this study was to examine breastfeeding intention during pregnancy and breastfeeding behaviour among postpartum women in five countries during the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated factors.MethodsAn online questionnaire survey was conducted in Thailand, the United Kingdom, South Korea, Taiwan, and Brazil from July through November 2021. The study participants included 3253 mothers within six months of birth.FindingsAbout 90% of participants intended to breastfeed during pregnancy and 85.7% reported breastfeeding in the past 24 h. More than half reported their breastfeeding duration being as planned or longer despite COVID-19. Multivariate logistic regression models showed that being multiparous, ever tested COVID-19 positive, and having positive breastfeeding beliefs were associated with increased odds for intention to breastfeed during pregnancy. Lower maternal educational level, being primiparous, ever tested COVID-19 positive, and experiencing food insecurity were associated with decreased odds for breastfeeding duration being as planned or longer. Vaginal birth, currently working or on maternity leave, breastfeeding beliefs, breastfeeding support from spouse/partner/friend/relative, online support groups, and in-person or telephone contact with healthcare professionals were associated with increased odds for breastfeeding duration being as planned or longer.ConclusionBreastfeeding intention and behaviour remained high during the COVID-19 pandemic. Online support groups and telephone contact with health professionals were effective during the pandemic.     

Early feeding problems: identification by parents and health care personnel

This study investigated the discrepancy between parental reports indicating a high prevalence of feeding problems during infancy and the relatively low identification rate of such cases at child health care centers. Thirty nurses were interviewed about definitions, prevalence, causes, and interventions for such problems. Thereafter, they were retrospectively asked about presence of feeding problems in 30 infants, for whom parents had reported existence of feeding problems, and in 30 control infants. A group ( n =22) based on parent-nurse agreement about the existence of a problem was compared with a group ( n = 8) identified as problematic by parents only and with the control group. The parent-nurse agreement group stood out as more burdened: infant growth was affected, there had been feeding history problems (breastfeeding, weaning and protracted meals) and the level of parental concern was higher. More infant respiratory infections were reported, and more medication had been prescribed for this group. Although nurses seemed to rely to a great extent on parental reports in identifying feeding problems, the present results suggested that the parent-nurse discrepancy in identification rate may occur due to nurses' weighting of parental complaints with other factors such as the child's general condition and the family social situation.