Sexual differences in natal dispersal and philopatry of the grey-sided vole

The natal dispersal distance of the grey-sided vole,Clethrionomys rufocanus (Sundevall), was measured in a large outdoor enclosure (2.1 ha) in Hokkaido, Japan. Voles in about half of the enclosure (1 ha) were fed. Distance from the natal site to the site of reproduction was significantly greater in males (64.9 m) than in females (35.3 m). In males, 24.8% settled within one home range length of their natal site and 49.6% settled further than two range lengths from their natal site. In femles, the respective percentages were reversed: 51.2% and 22.0%. The timing of large movements (≥50 m) was related to body mass in both sexes. The population density was always higher on the fed grid than on the control grid, which resulted in the frequency of large movements being greater on the fed grid that on the control grid. Thus, the percentage of voles performing a large movement was not different between the grids in both sexes.     

The Other Side of Employed Parents' Life in Slovenia

In this article are described some basic patterns of employed parents' life and the social and psychological factors which prevent changing their prevailing ways of life. Most parents with children up to the age of 15 (more than ninety percent) are regularly employed. In terms of formal financial resources not all dual-earner families are above the social security level. Parents try to improve their living conditions in the following ways: all household work is done by family members (mainly mothers), they do different kinds of paid informal work and resolve their housing problems by building on their own with the help of relatives and bank credits. During all stages of life women are more burdened with informal work than men. Activities connected with the mass media and/or activities which have utilitarian value are the main preoccupations of parents in their free time. Most parents have no choice concerning their employment status and even the possibilities of choosing among various free time activities are quite limited.     

论近代以来国家与农民关系的演变

1840年以来,随着中国国家性质的剧烈变化,国家与农民的关系以及中间环节(乡村基层组织)也发生了根本性变化,乡村出现了衰败动荡的局面.后北洋政府、国民党政府,都没有解决乡村治理和经济衰败问题,这为中国共产党发动农民革命提供了成功的条件.1949年中华人民共和国成立以后,中国共产党通过彻底的土地改革,实现了将现代政府权力下延到乡村、直接面对农民的乡村治理结构."人民公社"虽能有效控制农民,但不能激励农民的生产积极性,导致了在后来的改革中放弃"政社合一"的人民公社制度.2004年以来,中国进入了工业"反哺"农业、城市支持乡村的新的历史时期,国家与农民关系由以"取"为主向以"予"为主转变,中国农村的基层治理目标和职能也发生了根本性变化.这种历史性的变化,要求我们在农村基层治理结构和政策方面做出相应调整,以保证国家"反哺"资金发挥出应有的效益,这也是今天建设社会主义新农村面临的最重要的问题之一.     

由单片机和变频电源构成的无塔供水系统

介绍了无塔供水系统的原理与构成，以及由计算机构成定时恒压供水控制过程的应用设计方法、器件的选用及调试方法，所设计的系统已经投入实际运行，效果良好。     

新型光照培养箱控制系统设计与实现

设计了一种新型光照培养箱控制系统,论述了该系统主要硬件与软件的实现方法.     

Factors that influence women’s decision on infant feeding: An integrative review

BackgroundMany women stop breastfeeding earlier than what they intended prior to birth. Although there are many studies that focus on the factors that influence women’s antenatal breastfeeding decisions, the factors that influence women’s decisions during the continuum of antenatal and postnatal period are less known.AimTo understand and synthesise the contemporary factors that influence women’s decisions on infant feeding from the antenatal period and across the breastfeeding continuum.MethodFive online databases (CINAHL, Medline, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) were searched. We included original search articles that were published since 2015 to August 2021 and were available in English. The framework of Whittemore and Knafl was used to guide this integrative literature review. Out of the 872 articles identified, 14 studies met the inclusion criteria of our study. We used theory of birth territory and midwifery guardianship to synthesise the interactions between the themes.FindingsFive main themes were identified: (a) Women’s own views, (b) Family and friend’s preferences and advice, (c) Health professional’s preference, advice and practice, (d) Sociocultural norms, and (e) Media representation. The interaction between the themes was explained based on women’s intrinsic and extrinsic power outlined in the birth territory and midwifery guardianship theory.ConclusionThe factors that influence women’s decisions towards infant feeding methods are complex and multi-dimensional. Promoting and supporting women towards breastfeeding need to focus on the factors that are tailored for a woman within her social network where she can feel safe about her breastfeeding decisions.     

Factors influencing Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women’s breastfeeding practice: A scoping narrative review

BackgroundThe nutritional and health benefits of breastfeeding for infants and young children are well-established however rates of breastfeeding initiation and duration for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children are lower than non-Indigenous children.AimTo describe factors influencing breastfeeding practice amongst Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women.MethodsA scoping narrative review was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute framework. A search was conducted in four online databases (PubMed, Scopus, ANU SuperSearch, and Science Direct). Findings were analysed using [30] narrative synthesis.FindingsThis review included 9 journal articles, a conference summary and a book. This review identified four factors influencing women’s breastfeeding practice; sources of support, culturally appropriate care, intention to breastfeed and social determinants.ConclusionMultiple social determinants resulting from colonization have interrupted traditional infant feeding practices and women’s sources of support. Although Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women have strong intention to breastfeed, their breastfeeding outcomes are impacted by lack of pro-breastfeeding support when encountering breastfeeding challenges as well as norms surrounding the use of infant formula milk. Culturally appropriate care is essential for identifying women’s needs and avoiding stereotyping. Further research is needed to investigate the effectiveness of breastfeeding interventions for this group of women.