Population Policy in Early Victorian England

This paper argues that the generally-held belief that there was no population policy in Great Britain during its fertility transition is incorrect. There were, in fact, clear and implicit and explicit policies in place by the early 19th Century which aimed at reducing population growth. These were negative, involving elimination of family allowances (the famous Poor Laws), and also positive, through subsidised emigration and ``transportation' of felons to the colonies. Moreover, a changed ``ideation' on the part of the nation's political, intellectual and spiritual leaders, changed norms about marriage and child-bearing, raising sharply the perceived economic and psychic cost of children. Lacking acceptable means to control pregnancies, many working class women resorted to abortion, infanticide and child abandonment to reduce their family size. The policy's actual impact on overall fertility is uncertain but it did constitute a deliberate attempt by society to affect demographic behaviour and outcomes.     

论俄罗斯金融危机前后的证券市场

俄罗斯自 1990年建立现代证券市场以来 ,几经风雨 ,形成了以“莫斯科银行间外汇交易系统”和“俄罗斯交易系统”为主要证券交易所的证券市场。 1998年 8月 17日 ,俄罗斯爆发了举世注目的金融危机 ,既对其证券市场的发展造成深刻的影响 ,也可以说证券市场本身存在的严重问题诱导了危机     

论中国实施战略性贸易政策的必要性及可能性

中国现行的“有管理的贸易自由化”阻碍了产业结构的优化,有必要实施战略性贸易政策。目前,中国实施战略性贸易政策的内部及外部约束条件已经可以得到满足,如中国可以充分利用WTO各项协议的例外条款和对发展中国家的特殊待遇,另外,中国也可以逐步满足不完全竞争市场结构与规模经济效应条件以及良好的市场经济运行体制条件。     

中国工业企业投资的融资约束研究

文章利用工业企业1997—2004年的面板数据,对中国工业企业投资中的融资约束问题进行了研究,发现中国企业中年轻企业或非国有企业都存在融资约束。进一步作者利用开工时间和控股权,对融资约束情况作了交叉的先验分类,把企业分成国有老企业、国有新企业、非国有老企业、非国有新企业四类,对这四类企业的回归分析发现,开工时间长或国有控股的企业,不受融资约束,而非国有新企业却明显受到融资约束。这一经验结论准确反映了我国贷款中推行的担保制度对投资活动的影响。     

试析19世纪末20世纪初德国外交政策转变的经济动因

19世纪末20世纪初,统一后的德国无论从经济发展还是社会变化都已发展为一个现代意义上的工业化国家,作为上层建筑的基础,它也必然会促使德国外交政策的转变。     

Will Swedish and Dutch drug policy converge? The role of theory

Sweden and The Netherlands are often referred to as the archetypes of prohibition and harm reduction, respectively. Both nations have, however, recently adopted political measures that fit well in the other country's model. But they have also taken steps that reflect traditional thinking. Are we witnessing the initial stages of convergence or are recent developments better interpreted as adjustments? This article addresses these questions by comparing Swedish and Dutch theoretical understandings of ‘the drug problem’. Goals and practices are illuminated in the context of underlying theory, raising the question: Can substantial convergence be achieved without significant prior changes in theoretical perceptions? It is found that the theoretical understandings of the two paradigms do not mix easily, complicating attempts at convergence. Moreover, both countries have invested a great deal of political prestige in their respective models, further exacerbating the problem. A conceivable way to circumvent these difficulties is suggested.     

农村义务教育财政体制发展评价指标体系的研究

农村义务教育财政体制是中国财政体制的重要组成部分,与农村社会经济发展和财政体制变化息息相关。建立一套完善的具有评价、监测、预测和决策功能的农村义务教育财政体制发展评价指标体系,对于义务教育事业的发展,国民整体素质的提高,“三农”问题的解决具有十分重要的意义。基于此,作者从农村义务教育财政体制研究现状出发,在论述其应遵循的评价原则的基础上,对其进行定性与定量的分析和描述,提出建立中国农村义务教育财政体制发展评价指标体系的基本构想。     

意识形态视角下的美国对华政策

作为一种系统的认识论或道德信念模式,意识形态在各国的外交政策中事实上起着世界观和方法论的作用。美国虽然号称最讲究“实用主义”,但它的对外政策同样也一直深受其意识形态的影响,尤其明显地反映在它的对华政策中。意识形态依然是美国决定其对华政策的一个重要原因。     

1989年以来澳大利亚多元文化政策的发展评析

澳大利亚多元文化政策产生于1973年,在1989年被确立为基本国策。此后,多元文化政策得到澳大利亚历届政府不断的坚持和改进,并在原则和措施等方面出现了一些新的发展趋势。这些适时的变化促进了澳大利亚社会的宽容与和谐。     

The Role of Cancer Risk in the Regulation of Industrial Pollution

The extent of carcinogen regulation under existing U.S. environmental statutes is assessed by developing measures of the scope and stringency of regulation. While concern about cancer risk has played an important political role in obtaining support for pollution control programs, it has not provided the predominant rationale for most regulatory actions taken to date. Less than 20% of all standards established to limit concentrations of chemicals in various media address carcinogens. Restrictions on chemical use are more frequently based on concerns about noncancer human health or ecological effects. Of the chemicals in commercial use which have been identified as potential human carcinogens on the basis of rodent bioassays, only a small proportion are regulated. There is an inverse relationship between the scope of regulatory coverage and the stringency of regulatory requirements: the largest percentages of identified carcinogens are affected by the least stringent requirements, such as information disclosure. Standards based on de minimis cancer risk levels have been established for only 10% of identified carcinogens and are restricted to one medium: water. Complete bans on use have affected very few chemicals. The general role that carcinogenicity now plays in the regulatory process is not dramatically different from that of other adverse human health effects: if a substance is identified as a hazard, it may eventually be subject to economically achievable and technically feasible restrictions.