银屑病与湿疹患者生活质量和经济负担的比较

目的:比较银屑病和湿疹患者的一般情况、生活质量和疾病经济负担。方法:采用现况调查的方法,联合应用自行设计的患者一般情况调查表、SF-36和Skindex-29量表,对2011年6月～2012年3月在中国医学科学院皮肤病医院就诊的门诊和住院198例银屑病患者,和同时期在同医院就诊的117例湿疹患者进行问卷调查。结果:①共回收313份有效问卷,其中银屑病196例,男女比例为1.88∶1,湿疹117例,男女比例为1.25∶1,对吸烟、酗酒、睡眠影响、饮食受限、自杀倾向等社会行为进行比较,发现银屑病患者在吸烟、睡眠影响、自杀倾向的比例均高于湿疹患者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。②应用SF-36量表和Skindex-29量表比较银屑病和湿疹患者的生活质量,发现银屑病患者生活质量比湿疹患者低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。③银屑病的直接经济负担和间接经济负担都较湿疹严重。结论:银屑病和湿疹的一般情况与以前的研究结果类似,但在吸烟、自杀倾向等社会行为方面银屑病的比例显著高于湿疹患者。虽然同为皮肤病,但银屑病患者的生活质量比湿疹患者低很多,提示卫生工作者在银屑病的诊断治疗过程中应重视生活质量对患者的影响。银屑病患者的直接经济负担和间接经济负担都较湿疹患者严重,相关卫生决策部门应对银屑病患者的经济负担给予足够的关注。     

Do male and female gamblers have the same burden of adversity over their life course?

The objective of this research is to investigate gender difference and the burden of adversity during the life course of people who develop gambling problems. A sample of 86 adult participants met the criteria for at-risk problem gambling over the last 5 years. Data were obtained from informants during semi-structured face-to-face interviews, using SCID I and II, SOGS, Module K and a recount of life trajectories methodology. The results showed a high level of adversity throughout the life trajectories of the men and women studied. The results indicated that the major load of mental health disorders, the presence of anxiety disorders and co-morbid mental health disorders are more significant among women. Results also indicated a significant presence of violence in the lives of both men and women during early childhood and adolescence. During adulthood, women are more likely to be victims of intimate partner or marital violence whereas men tended to cumulate difficulties in social fields and especially in their professional lives. This significant burden of adversity creates a number of difficulties which makes it complicated to isolate gambling activities. Clinicians might have difficulty detecting female gamblers during consultation, especially when they present with co-morbid mental health disorders and violence issues.     

推出市政债券为新型城镇化建设融资

新型城镇化建设的融资需求已引起各方主体的高度重视,探索推出市政债券是其中一个重要举措。为此,当前应加快立法,加强法制建设,健全法律法规体系,完善相关法律制度;规范地方政府举债行为,强化对地方政府举债的市场约束,构建多元化的城镇化建设融资体系,建立可持续的城镇化建设融资机制;严格执行财经纪律,构建地方政府的财政信用,强化地方财政预算约束,提高地方财政预算执行的透明度;完善信用风险管理制度,加强信用风险管理,有效防范和控制市政债券的信用风险;制定市政债券投资的税收优惠政策,增强对投资者的吸引力,发展壮大投资者队伍。     

Social Support,Caregiver Burden,and Life Satisfaction in a Sample of Rural African American and White Caregivers of Older Persons With Dementia

This article reports the findings of a study of African American and White dementia caregivers (n = 141) living in rural areas of Alabama that examined the relations between the participants' receipt of informal social support, and their levels of caregiver burden and life satisfaction. The sample, as a whole, reported high levels of social support with no reported differences in social support by race. Female caregivers reported higher mean scores on 3 of the 4 dimensions of social support than their male counterparts. Two of the 4 dimensions of social support accounted for 32% of the variance of the caregivers' reported level of life satisfaction.     

Quality of Relationships Between Care Recipients and Their Primary Caregivers and Its Effect on Caregivers' Burden and Satisfaction in Israel

Research on the impact of quality of relationships between primary caregivers and their care recipients on burden and satisfaction with caregiving is still rare. The sample included 335 dyads of primary caregivers and care recipients who were cognitively intact. Face-to-face interviews were conducted at the respondents' homes using structured questionnaires. No significant correlation between caregiving burden and caregiving satisfaction was found. Quality of relationship was the most significant variable in explaining both caregiving burden and caregiving satisfaction, yet different sets of additional variables were found to explain each of the outcomes. Interventions should address quality of relationships in order to reduce burden and increase caregiving satisfaction.     

Fiscal Cycles and the Low-Level Equilibrium under the Qing: A Comparative Analysis

This article questions the recent scholarship that attempts to draw parallels between Qing China before 1800 and the so-called fiscal-military states in early modern Europe. Beginning with a survey of “fiscal cycles” in China from the 1640s to the 1850s, the author argues that border wars and territorial expansion had little impact on the Qing state’s tax system and bureaucracy. Contrary to the high level of taxation necessitated by escalation in military spending among the contemporary European states, the Qing pursued the policy of light taxation by freezing land tax rates and practicing universal tax exemption. What prevailed in the Qing fiscal system thus was a “low-level equilibrium,” in which the fixed amount of revenues was sufficient to cover the state’s fixed amount of regular expenditures and generate a sizeable amount of surpluses.     

江苏省新农保基金筹集主体筹资能力的测算与分析

基于全国及江苏省2011年度人口、财政等方面的数据,对江苏省新农保基金筹集主体的筹资能力进行测算和分析,进而提出加大新农保宣传力度、积极落实财政补贴资金、加强基金监管等建议,以便真正实现新农保制度的设计初衷。     

收入与增长权衡:分权下地方政府努力方向研究

基于1999-2013年全国30省际数据,利用动态面板模型,考察了财政分权深化下地方政府的努力方向。结果表明:在财政分权初期,地方政府因获得更多的资源支配权,其积极性被充分调动出来,并极大促进了经济增长和地方财政收入的增加。但随着财政分权进一步深化,其对经济增长推动作用逐渐减弱,而对地方财税增加的推进作用依然存在,地方政府的努力方向由此产生扭曲,稳定并提高地方财税增速成为其首要目标。建立合理的地方政府考核制度,完善财政分权制度,对于稳定地方经济增长速度,突破中等收入陷阱至关重要。     

农业转移人口市民化的财政负担研究

新型城镇化的核心是农业转移人口市民化,而流入地政府的财政负担是市民化进程中面临的一大障碍。流入地政府需要增加额外的财政支出以实现公共服务均等化,这必然会对现有的财政收支结构造成一定影响,由此带来较大的财政成本,造成一定的财政负担。但随着相关配套制度及设施的逐步完善,市民化的积极意义会日益凸显,对流入地政府的财政负担也会逐渐减轻,最终有利于流入地经济社会的发展。因此,流入地政府应以积极包容的态度做好相关财政准备,加快农业转移人口市民化进程,形成“中央与地方共同分担,地方为主”的格局。