需求不确定和纵向约束的链与链竞争固定加价

基于需求不确定和纵向约束的链与链竞争环境,识别固定加价合同选择的绩效改进条件和博弈均衡特征,并进一步分析市场需求波动风险、市场规模、市场份额、价格竞争、零售商预测能力及固定加价比例对合同选择行为的影响。研究发现：当横向价格竞争相对较弱,零售终端的市场份额相对较大时,基于纵向约束的固定加价合同是实现供应链系统绩效改进的贝叶斯占优均衡;若此时固定加价的比例相对适中且市场需求波动风险不是很高,或者固定加价的比例较大但市场需求波动的风险相对适中,则固定加价合同是实现制造商和零售商Pareto绩效均改进的贝叶斯均衡;而若价格竞争非常激烈,则无纵向约束的批发价格合同能形成实现供应链系统绩效Pareto改进的占优贝叶斯均衡。     

控制权私利下的企业资本配置决策研究

基于企业内部资本配置的理论阐释,以固定资产和长期股权的组合投资为研究对象,构建出有无大股东控制下的企业资本配置模型,理论分析控制权私有收益对企业资本配置决策的影响.研究结果表明:大股东的控制权私利行为是导致企业偏离最优资本配置决策的一个重要原因,偏离程度随现金流权与控制权分离度的增大呈非线性变化.该变化趋势主要由固定资产投资收益率和长期股权投资收益率的大小决定.     

Estimation of a Conditional Copula and Association Measures

Abstarct. This paper is concerned with studying the dependence structure between two random variables Y ₁ and Y ₂ conditionally upon a covariate X. The dependence structure is modelled via a copula function, which depends on the given value of the covariate in a general way. Gijbels et al. (Comput. Statist. Data Anal., 55, 2011, 1919) suggested two non‐parametric estimators of the ‘conditional’ copula and investigated their numerical performances. In this paper we establish the asymptotic properties of the proposed estimators as well as conditional association measures derived from them. Practical recommendations for their use are then discussed.     

Image warping using radial basis functions

Image warping is the process of deforming an image through a transformation of its domain, which is typically a subset of R². Given the destination of a collection of points, the problem becomes one of finding a suitable smooth interpolation for the destinations of the remaining points of the domain. A common solution is to use the thin plate spline (TPS). We find that the TPS often introduces unintended distortions of image structures. In this paper, we will analyze interpolation by TPS, experiment with other radial basis functions, and suggest two alternative functions that provide better results.     

Pairwise- and marginal-likelihood estimation for the mixed Rasch model with binary data

A marginal–pairwise-likelihood estimation approach is examined in the mixed Rasch model with the binary response and logit link. This method belonging to the broad class of composite likelihood provides estimators with desirable asymptotic properties such as consistency and asymptotic normality. We study the performance of the proposed methodology when the random effect distribution is misspecified. A simulation study was conducted to compare this approach with the maximum marginal likelihood. The different results are also illustrated with an analysis of the real data set from a quality-of-life study.     

Decision Theory Applied to a Linear Panel Data Model

This paper applies some general concepts in decision theory to a linear panel data model. A simple version of the model is an autoregression with a separate intercept for each unit in the cross section, with errors that are independent and identically distributed with a normal distribution. There is a parameter of interest γ and a nuisance parameter τ, a N×K matrix, where N is the cross‐section sample size. The focus is on dealing with the incidental parameters problem created by a potentially high‐dimension nuisance parameter. We adopt a “fixed‐effects” approach that seeks to protect against any sequence of incidental parameters. We transform τ to (δ, ρ, ω), where δ is a J×K matrix of coefficients from the least‐squares projection of τ on a N×J matrix x of strictly exogenous variables, ρ is a K×K symmetric, positive semidefinite matrix obtained from the residual sums of squares and cross‐products in the projection of τ on x, and ω is a (N−J) ×K matrix whose columns are orthogonal and have unit length. The model is invariant under the actions of a group on the sample space and the parameter space, and we find a maximal invariant statistic. The distribution of the maximal invariant statistic does not depend upon ω. There is a unique invariant distribution for ω. We use this invariant distribution as a prior distribution to obtain an integrated likelihood function. It depends upon the observation only through the maximal invariant statistic. We use the maximal invariant statistic to construct a marginal likelihood function, so we can eliminate ω by integration with respect to the invariant prior distribution or by working with the marginal likelihood function. The two approaches coincide. Decision rules based on the invariant distribution for ω have a minimax property. Given a loss function that does not depend upon ω and given a prior distribution for (γ, δ, ρ), we show how to minimize the average—with respect to the prior distribution for (γ, δ, ρ)—of the maximum risk, where the maximum is with respect to ω. There is a family of prior distributions for (δ, ρ) that leads to a simple closed form for the integrated likelihood function. This integrated likelihood function coincides with the likelihood function for a normal, correlated random‐effects model. Under random sampling, the corresponding quasi maximum likelihood estimator is consistent for γ as N→∞, with a standard limiting distribution. The limit results do not require normality or homoskedasticity (conditional on x) assumptions.     

新疆居民消费、固定资产投资与经济增长的动态关系——基于VAR模型的实证分析

利用向量自回归（VAR）模型及其他分析工具,以时间序列数据为基础,探讨新疆居民消费、固定资产投资与经济增长之间的动态关系具有现实意义。实证分析表明：新疆居民消费、固定资产投资与经济增长存在长期稳定的协整关系及单向的因果关系;居民消费、固定资产投资对经济增长呈较大且持续的正向影响;固定资产投资对经济增长贡献最大,随着时间的持续,居民消费的贡献将逐步赶上固定资产投资的贡献;从长期看,固定资产投资对经济增长推动力最大。居民消费对经济增长推动作用较小。因此。若要使其经济得到长远发展,必须采取增加固定资产投资以及提高居民收入以获得更多消费的若干对策。     

俚语新论

"俚语"这一名称产生得较早,历代辞书也有对俚俗词语或说法的收录,现代的某些辞书也对俚语做了解释,但具体什么是俚语,它的性质特点是什么,却没有一个清晰的说法。本文主要讨论了什么是俚语,它与俗语、谚语的区别,俚语的性质和范围。     

河南省产业投资结构现状及优化对策分析

一直以来,中国各地的经济增长受到不合理产业结构的制约,而产业结构的调整和升级可以通过投资结构的优化来实现。本文对河南省近几年来固定资产投资的规模、主体结构及产业结构进行了分析,发现当前河南省的产业投资存在扩大投资规模的难度加大、投资的主体结构不合理、投资的产业结构存在偏差等问题,提出了进一步优化河南省产业投资结构应在扩大投资及调整投资结构上下工夫。     

基于面板数据模型的能耗与固定资产投资关系的实证研究

首先,对我国固定资产投资与能源消费之间的关系进行了机理分析,认为大规模的固定资产投资活动是造成能耗快速增长的主要原因,并且固定资产投资与能源消费之间存在一种循环关系.然后,采用面板数据模型对我国8个主要行业的固定资产投资与能源消费关系进行了实证研究.研究结果表明,固定资产投资是我国能耗增长的格兰杰原因,固定资产投资与能耗增长之间存在显著的正相关性.最后,对遏制我国能耗高速增长给出了相应的政策建议.