Remedial Policies in Radiologically-Contaminated Forests: Environmental Consequences and Risk Assessment

As a result of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident in 1986, large forested areas in Europe were contaminated by radionuclides. Extensive societal pressure has been exerted to decrease the radiation dose to the population and to the environment. Thus, in making abatement and remediation policy decisions not only economic costs, but also human and environmental risk assessment are desired. Forest remediation by organic layer removal, one of the most promising cleanup policies, is considered in this paper. Ecological risk assessment requires evaluation of the radionuclide distribution in forests. The FORESTPATH model^(1,2) is used for predicting the radionuclide fate in forest compartments after deposition as well as for evaluating the application of the remedial policy. Time of intervention and radionuclide deposition profile was predicted as being crucial for the remediation efficiency. Risk assessment conducted for a critical group of forest users in Belarus shows that consumption of forest products (berries and mushrooms) leads to about 0.004% risk of a fatal cancer. Cost-benefit analysis for forest cleanup suggests that complete removal of organic layer is too expensive for application in Belarus.     

Deposit Insurance Reform in Belarus: Remedy or Threat for the Banking System?

The transformation of private savers' funds into business loans through the banking system is weak in Belarus compared with other Eastern European economies. High concentration, governmental interference, an inconsistent regulation, and a difficult business environment characterise the banks' situation. In order to attract more savings, a reform of the deposit insurance system is presently under discussion. This is expected to contribute to economic growth and development. But deposit insurance, especially when established in a weak institutional environment, can unfold multifarious moral-hazard effects. This paper analyses whether the proposed deposit insurance system is likely to improve the present situation and how it could be better adjusted to the country's situation.     

我国现代物流的风险及物流保险需求分析

物流业已成为近几年我国经济领域中最活跃、最热门的新兴行业之一,第三方物流形态正引起人们的重视,其发展空间很大。但我国现代物流运行却涉及制度和法律风险、合同风险以及责任范围加大的风险。在现代物流中传统保险不能解决第三方物流公司面临的代位追偿等问题,而2004年推出的物流保险也存在物流保险责任范围小、计收保费依据不科学、不能满足快速发展的市场需求等缺陷。因此,我国急需发展现代物流综合保险,而根据物流市场的需要,进一步开发适销对路的险种是其中的关键。第三方物流企业也应根据需要选择物流综合保险策略,从而降低风险。     

对北京市公益林市场化经营的思考

北京市的公益林作为传统意义上的公共物品,一直以来由全市各级政府投资建设,成本高,效率低,代价大。因此,提高公益林的经营效率和质量,对于北京市公益林的持续、健康发展至关重要。笔者就如何在北京市公益林的经营中引入市场机制进行思考,并力求构建一个较为合理的公益林市场化经营模式。     

通过林业经营和管理制度创新加快“林纸一体化”进程

林纸结合离不开规模经营。国家的林业和纸业产业发展政策，对林业经营和管理制度提出了新的要求。要解决纸浆林基地问题，需要进行林业经营和管理制度的创新，建立商品 林采伐申报制度，通过普遍的订单管理制度为造纸企业提供充足的原料基地，在家庭私有化 林场的基础上实现股份制规模经营，从而实现集体商品林生产和木浆林生产的“双赢”和可持续发展。     

自然保护区禁伐令的探析——以天目山国家自然保护区为例

自然保护区禁伐令时保护生物多样性有着积极的意义，但其一刀切做法，使得天目山等生物多样性受到威胁的保护区备受法律困扰。通过分析天目山案例中出现的实际情况，根据森林生态学原理，提出修改自然保护区禁伐令的法律程序和法律规定。修改禁伐令后将会给自然保护区提供经费支持，增加当地农民收入，改善景区景观。     

我国储蓄-投资转化效率低下的原因分析

实证分析表明我国储蓄—投资转化效率低下的问题比较突出,主要原因是:第一,我国储蓄—投资转化的渠道存在障碍,表现为住户储蓄向实物投资的渠道不畅,储蓄—投资转化的政府渠道存在障碍,国外部门储蓄对国内投资的替代;第二,储蓄—投资转化机制失调;第三,在市场经济条件下促进储蓄—投资转化的制度(包括非正式制度)供给不足。     

森林生态系统管理的主体与基本步骤

生态系统管理要求以生态学的理论系统科学地管理森林生态系统，维持森林生态系统的整体性、多样性、可持续性和健康．森林生态系统管理的主体具有多元化的特征，包括政府、森林经营者、公众、科学家等，在政府的主导下，多元化主体在管理过程中，广泛参与，彼此协调，相互合作。实施森林生态系统管理的基本步骤包括范围界定、问题辨识、确定目标、制定政策方案、组织实施、监测评价和适应性调整等7个步骤．     

Ideas, private institutions and American welfare state 'exceptionalism': the case of health and old-age insurance, 1915–1965

Traditional theories of welfare state development divide into two camps: societal accounts and institutional accounts. The aim of the present article is to amend and enrich the institutional approach to US social policy by reconsidering key aspects of the genesis of the American welfare state: 1) showing that concepts such as 'policy feedback' and 'path dependence' need to be extended to encompass the effect of private social policies; and 2) taking policy paradigms and agenda setting more seriously than is the norm in institutional scholarship. The empirical analysis is divided into two parts. The first part explores the activities of the American Association for Labor Legislation (AALL) in the decade beginning in 1910 and the genesis of Social Security in the 1930s, while the second part examines the effect of the private benefit developments on policy choices between 1935 and 1965.     

论社会医疗保险中的道德风险及其制度消解

道德风险源于人的机会主义倾向,在社会医疗保险领域中积弊已久,主要表现为需求方的过度消费和供给方的诱导需求,其原因在于第三方支付效应、价格补偿效应和医疗伦理的异化。只有医、患、保三方进行制度创新才能对其有效消解。