试论戏剧翻译的标准

译文的使用目的决定了不同体裁文体的翻译应遵循不同的翻译标准。本文分析了戏剧翻译的特点,提出戏剧翻译应以功能对等为原则,以原语和译语观众能获得大体相同的反应为标准,并探讨了为达到功能对等需对译文进行调整。     

广告英语中双关语的翻译

双关语的可译性一直是翻译界争论的热点。语言、文化及表达习惯的差异,使双关语翻译难以兼顾其双重含义。"功能对等"理论以译语读者为中心,注重译文在译语语言和文化环境中所预期达到的功能,为双关语的翻译另辟蹊径。对英语广告中双关语的翻译来说,译文只要能产生与原文相似的广告效应,能使译文读者获得与原文读者近乎相同的感受就是成功的翻译。     

逻辑演算与形式化方法

逻辑演算对推理形式有效性的研究 ,比传统逻辑更抽象、更严格 ,其原因是形式化方法的运用。形式化方法包括构造形式系统 (语法的 )和对该系统进行解释 (语义的 )两个阶段。以一阶逻辑演算KL 系统为例 ,形式化方法的前期阶段 ,又包括符号化和系统化两个步骤 :符号化是用特制的人工语言符号将推理形式或演绎关系公式化 ;系统化是在符号化基础上构造形式系统 ,即用系统给定的公理和变形规则推导出一系列定理的形式证明系统 ,这是逻辑演算的主要内容。形式化方法的后期阶段或第三步骤是对系统的解释 ,也称模型化。经过解释 ,该系统的符号、公式有了内涵 ,从而就有了更普遍的适用价值。纯形式的逻辑演算的性质、意义和作用也因此变得十分清晰     

影视翻译初探

本文提出了影视翻译的重要性 ,呼吁翻译届对影视翻译的重视。作者概括了影视语言的五大特点和应遵循的原则与技巧。在坚持传统的“信 ,达 ,雅”翻译观的基础上 ,提出了影视翻译应以“达”(通顺 )为主 ,以译入语观众为目标的功能对等翻译论 ,以期为影视翻译提供一种新的理论视角和操作模式。     

康德先验逻辑的基本问题

康德的先验逻辑对传统哲学特别是形而上学所运用的范畴在分类的基础上作了新的理解,指出了范畴作为思维的逻辑功能,是对感性直观的固有关系。这就决定了先验逻辑的基本问题是范畴与直观的固有关系问题。它构成先验逻辑不同于形式逻辑和思辨逻辑的根本点。     

构建我国法务会计人才培养模式

随着我国市场经济的快速发展，经济纠纷、经济案件中所涉及的财务会计问题越来越多，迫切需要法务会计人员从会计和法律的专业角度进行调查、取证和鉴定，为法庭提供专家意见。但我国法务会计理论研究滞后、从业人员素质不高、法务会计人才严重匮乏，远远不能满足日益增长的法务会计需求。由于法务会计与财务会计有较大区别，因此，我国应加强法务会计建设，强化法务会计理论研究，并针对我国法务会计的现状，构建学历教育、在职教育和社会教育三位一体的法务会计人才培养模式，以培养具有中国特色的、多层次的、复合型法务会计人才。     

A Unified Approach to the Characterization of Equivalence Classes of DAGs, Chain Graphs with no Flags and Chain Graphs

Abstract.  A Markov property associates a set of conditional independencies to a graph. Two alternative Markov properties are available for chain graphs (CGs), the Lauritzen–Wermuth–Frydenberg (LWF) and the Andersson–Madigan– Perlman (AMP) Markov properties, which are different in general but coincide for the subclass of CGs with no flags . Markov equivalence induces a partition of the class of CGs into equivalence classes and every equivalence class contains a, possibly empty, subclass of CGs with no flags itself containing a, possibly empty, subclass of directed acyclic graphs (DAGs). LWF-Markov equivalence classes of CGs can be naturally characterized by means of the so-called largest CGs , whereas a graphical characterization of equivalence classes of DAGs is provided by the essential graphs . In this paper, we show the existence of largest CGs with no flags that provide a natural characterization of equivalence classes of CGs of this kind, with respect to both the LWF- and the AMP-Markov properties. We propose a procedure for the construction of the largest CGs, the largest CGs with no flags and the essential graphs, thereby providing a unified approach to the problem. As by-products we obtain a characterization of graphs that are largest CGs with no flags and an alternative characterization of graphs which are largest CGs. Furthermore, a known characterization of the essential graphs is shown to be a special case of our more general framework. The three graphical characterizations have a common structure: they use two versions of a locally verifiable graphical rule. Moreover, in case of DAGs, an immediate comparison of three characterizing graphs is possible.     

正义的变迁——兼构我国符合正义的法律体系

法律似乎与生俱来地与正义联系在一起,以此为切入点,分析正义是永恒的,而正义的内容常变.然后考察不同生产方式下的不同的正义变化,并主要分析社会化大生产条件下的应然正义.最后以此构建中国在当前历史时期符合正义的法律体系.     

An algorithmic approach to construct D-optimal saturated designs for logistic model

In this paper, locally D-optimal saturated designs for a logistic model with one and two continuous input variables have been constructed by modifying the famous Fedorov exchange algorithm. A saturated design not only ensures the minimum number of runs in the design but also simplifies the row exchange computation. The basic idea is to exchange a design point with a point from the design space. The algorithm performs the best row exchange between design points and points form a candidate set representing the design space. Naturally, the resultant designs depend on the candidate set. For gain in precision, intuitively a candidate set with a larger number of points and the low discrepancy is desirable, but it increases the computational cost. Apart from the modification in row exchange computation, we propose implementing the algorithm in two stages. Initially, construct a design with a candidate set of affordable size and then later generate a new candidate set around the points of design searched in the former stage. In order to validate the optimality of constructed designs, we have used the general equivalence theorem. Algorithms for the construction of optimal designs have been implemented by developing suitable codes in R.     

Spectral Estimation of Covolatility from Noisy Observations Using Local Weights

We propose localized spectral estimators for the quadratic covariation and the spot covolatility of diffusion processes, which are observed discretely with additive observation noise. The appropriate estimation for time‐varying volatilities is based on an asymptotic equivalence of the underlying statistical model to a white‐noise model with correlation and volatility processes being constant over small time intervals. The asymptotic equivalence of the continuous‐time and discrete‐time experiments is proved by a construction with linear interpolation in one direction and local means for the other. The new estimator outperforms earlier non‐parametric methods in the literature for the considered model. We investigate its finite sample size characteristics in simulations and draw a comparison between various proposed methods.