Teaching Students by Having Them Emulate an Expert System

Summary

An expert system, designed to demonstrate a procedure that students found difficult to master, became the stimulus and the prototype for developing a better way to teach this material. The new method was to have students simulate the computer by rigidly following a set of explicit instructions. This enabled the students to learn what formerly eluded them: the logical deduction of new hypotheses from a set of linkable propositions. Success in carrying out this mechanical task became the basis for their understanding the logic behind the procedure.     

写怨说的生成及其对明清戏曲创作的影响

我国明清的戏曲批评围绕怨谱提出了一系列的见解和主张 ,这些理论可称为写怨说。写怨说的生成有三个原因 :1 我国传统文化与社会现实发生剧烈冲突所导致的社会问题使得才人志士忧愤满腹。 2 写怨能为强烈的感情提供宣泄的渠道 ,充分发挥陶冶、净化等美学功能。 3 个性解放思潮在文学领域掀起了一场倡导抒写真情实感的革新运动 ,传统的诗文写怨理论被引入了戏曲批评领域。写怨说突破了劝惩教化等传统文艺思想的束缚 ,在创作实践上取得了累累的硕果     

NHFPC Conducted National Follow- up Survey of Development of Families Practising Family Planning in China

正To comprehensively and systematically understand basic conditions of Chinesed families,especially those practicing family planning,build a national family information database and provide scientifi c basis for formulation of family development policies,National Health and Family Planning Commission(NHFPC)have conducted National Follow-up Survey of Development of Families Practising Family Planning in China.     

Modelling method effects as individual causal effects

Summary.  Method effects often occur when different methods are used for measuring the same construct. We present a new approach for modelling this kind of phenomenon, consisting of a definition of method effects and a first model, the method effect model , that can be used for data analysis. This model may be applied to multitrait–multimethod data or to longitudinal data where the same construct is measured with at least two methods at all occasions. In this new approach, the definition of the method effects is based on the theory of individual causal effects by Neyman and Rubin. Method effects are accordingly conceptualized as the individual effects of applying measurement method j instead of k . They are modelled as latent difference scores in structural equation models. A reference method needs to be chosen against which all other methods are compared. The model fit is invariant to the choice of the reference method. The model allows the estimation of the average of the individual method effects, their variance, their correlation with the traits (and other latent variables) and the correlation of different method effects among each other. Furthermore, since the definition of the method effects is in line with the theory of causality, the method effects may (under certain conditions) be interpreted as causal effects of the method. The method effect model is compared with traditional multitrait–multimethod models. An example illustrates the application of the model to longitudinal data analysing the effect of negatively (such as 'feel bad') as compared with positively formulated items (such as 'feel good') measuring mood states.     

用于低渗透油田的腐殖酸高温堵剂研究

主要研究了一种耐高温体系,该体系由腐殖酸钠、甲醛,增强剂和0.02％的HPAM溶液四部分组成,考察了腐殖酸钠质量分数、甲醛质量分数、pH值、矿化度的变化对堵剂性能的影响,通过正交实验得出堵剂的最优配方并对该配方进行了评价。结果表明,该堵剂基液初始粘度为10mPa·s,易于输送和泵入,成胶时间18h,成胶后的强度为0.087MPa,最佳适用的pH值范围为7～9,具有良好的耐温抗盐能力、长期稳定性、封堵性能及廉价等优点,在高温低渗透油田具有广阔的应用前景。     

高校学生社团管理机制的制订与创新

高校学生社团管理机制的制订和创新一直是高校学生社团工作中的关键问题。有效的学生社团管理机制建立在正确的学生社团管理思想上,保持学生社团管理思想与时俱进的方法是按照科学发展观的要求、符合学生社团的性质和特点、尊重学生的个性和需求。学生社团管理机制的落实要遵照科学的制订标准和实现方法。管理机制由组织系统、管理体系、激励和约束机制三部分构成,以这三部分的薄弱环节为突破口发展、创新,才能提高学生社团管理机制的有效性。     

写作表述要则论略

在写作表述的过程中,人称视角的选定和转换(有迹转换)要协调,两种表述视角并存(无迹转换)尤要协调;文气从内在方面要贯通,从外在方面也要贯通;写作者自己的表述偏好要控制,要服从意旨的统摄,接受文体的制约,尊重读者的裁判;同时写作表述的自由空间也是充分存在的,写作表述应当彰显出各自异彩斐然的个性。这些,都应当成为写作表述遵循的要则。     

经济转型时期政府的管理职能与决策模式

针对我国经济转型时期的特点,阐述了中国现阶段政府宏观经济管理强化宏观调控职能的原因,就政府宏观调控决策模式的三种类型进行了深入的探讨分析,并以经济结构宏观调控的重要手段--产业政策来说明依据"市场机制含量"和"政府干预含量"确定的调控手段类型.     

会计准则制定:政府导向与程序民主

该文总结了国外会计准则及其制定的相关理论和研究成果,对我国会计准则制定和变迁进程中政府导向的形成、影响及其动机进行分析,并对政府主导的会计准则制定模式的利弊和今后政府会计管制的程序民主趋势进行了探讨,指出中国会计准则的制定模式应是政府导向与程序民主的结合,并对今后我国会计准则制定问题提出制度性建议。     

小檗碱透皮制剂对小鼠骨髓细胞的微核效应

本文采取小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验方法,研究小檗碱透皮制剂对体细胞的诱变性。结果表明：阴性对照组微核率为1．125±0．9％,环磷酰胺阳性对照组的微核率为5．125±0.976％,与阴性对照组比较,差异极显著（P＜0．01）;小檗碱透皮制剂低、中、高剂量组微核率分别为1．125±0．69%、1．5±0．9%、1.875±0．787‰,与阴性对照比较,差异均不显著（P＞0．06）,试验结果为阴性。小檗碱透皮制剂对小鼠骨髓细胞不具诱变性。