Honesty and method

A client must rely on the integrity of the professional money manager through the stages of the investment process: research, recommendation of specific securities, selection of investments appropriate to the investor, trading of the securities, and reporting of how successful the decisions have been. Throughout this process, the investment manager may be confronted with conflicts of interest. The Association for Investment Management and Research (AIMR) is a nonprofit association of money managers that has developed a code of ethics and standards of professional conduct. Its code contains governing principles; its standards provide the minimum rules of conduct. The AIMR Standards work on the assumption that investors will be adequately protected if the appropriate processes are in place and they provide full disclosure. Since the late 1980s, AIMR has been leading an industry effort to include in the Standards guidelines for presenting a money manager's historical performance.     

金融诈骗罪中的法规竞合问题探讨

由于我国现行刑法对诈骗罪以及各种金融诈骗罪的错杂规定,金融诈骗罪成为法规竞合的聚集地.金融诈骗罪与诈骗罪之间、金融诈骗罪与合同诈骗罪之间、各种金融诈骗罪之间都存在看法规竞合,在具体适用法律时有不同观点.正确理解法规竞合的含义,准确分析行为人的行为特点是解决问题的关键.     

On the potential cost effectiveness of scientific audits

The rationale for the routine performance of scientific audits has been previously discussed, and it has been proposed that independent professionals audit scientific data just as certified public accountants in independent public accounting firms audit financial data (1–4). Scientific audits would typically require the examination of data in laboratory notebooks and other work sheets, upon which research publications are based. Examples of such audits have been publicized recently, although these represent audits which have been conducted relatively inefficiently, over periods of several years per audit, and which have only been conducted due to the persistence of whistleblowers suspecting scientific fraud (5, 6). A detailed report has also appeared on the results of an audit of the research activities of a particular individual, where the audit was limited solely to an examination of the research publications themselves for errors and discrepancies (7). It should be emphasized that the purpose of conducting scientific audits is not only to detect fabrication of experimental results but also to monitor presumably more prevalent, non‐fraudulent, inappropriate practices, such as misrepresentation of data, inaccurate reporting, and departure from institutional guidelines for handling hazardous materials, working with human subjects, etc.

Two concerns which have been raised concerning the performance of scientific audits relate to cost. What would they cost, and who would pay for them? These questions, however, may be turned around. What does it cost not to conduct such audits, and who pays for that? An assumption often made is that science is self‐correcting, that sooner or later the truth will be revealed because of the need to replicate experiments of others for independent verification of novel findings (8). Testimony recently presented at a U.S. congressional hearing suggests that the self‐correcting manner in which science advances represents a very slow and inefficient process for uncovering scientific fraud (5, 6, 9). Data from a survey of university scientists was also presented, indicating “. . . a reluctance to take prompt, corrective action not only when an investigator suspects another of misconduct but also should the investigator discover flaws in his or her own published reports‐whether the flaws were the result of honest error or fraud”; (10).

The uncritical acceptance by established scientists that the self‐correcting process works compounds the problem. The Editor of Science has written that”;. . . 99.9999 percent of reports are accurate and truthful. . .”; (8). If indeed only 0.0001% of published reports were inaccurate or untruthful, there would be little justification for scientific audits. However, congressional testimony from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) revealed that”;. . . the NIH Director's office has handled an average of 15–20 allegations and reports of misconduct annually in its extramural programs, which supports the work of approximately 50,000 scientists”; (11). As I shall attempt to demonstrate, since NIH alone receives fraud‐related complaints concerning the work of at least 0.03% of scientists it supports in other institutions, and since evidence indicates that the incidence of fraud is considerably greater than 0.03% (10, 12), the need to audit data is justifiable on the basis of being cost effective.     

“盗”“骗”手段交织案件的实行行为研究

“盗”“骗”手段交织案件要准确定罪，亟需考究犯罪实行行为。实行行为是刑法理论中基本概念之一，规范意义上的实行行为就是刑法分则所规定的各种具体犯罪的行为模型。实行行为的实质与构成特征以及实行着手与终了是判断具体事实是否符合犯罪行为模型的重要标准。“盗”“骗”手段交织案件貌似复杂，实则简单：其“盗”“骗”手段交织这种特殊的事实仅符合一个盗窃罪或者诈骗罪的行为模型，即其仅具有盗窃或者诈骗一个实行行为，所以，该类案件只能认定为一个盗窃罪或者诈骗罪。     

上市公司财务舞弊与企业内部控制研究

上市公司财务舞弊案件的频频发生,与企业内部控制失效密切相关。文章通过典型的上市公司财务舞弊案例,从理论与实践两个方面,具体分析企业内部控制失效的原因。同时,对如何完善企业内部控制进行了研究与探索。     

ACCOUNTING FOR NON-COMPLIANCE IN THE ANALYSIS OF RANDOMIZED RESPONSE DATA

The randomized response model is a misclassification design that is used to protect the privacy of respondents with respect to sensitive questions. Conditional misclassification probabilities are specified by the researcher and are therefore considered to be known. It is to be expected that some of the respondents do not comply with respect to the misclassification design. These respondents induce extra perturbation, which is not accounted for in the standard randomized response model. An extension of the randomized response model is presented that takes into account assumptions with respect to non-compliance under simple random sampling. The extended model is investigated using Bayesian inference. The research is motivated by randomized response data concerning violations of regulations for social benefit.     

基于变位置参数贝叶斯预测银行内部欺诈研究

内部欺诈事件类型是中国商业银行最严重的操作风险类型。但由于操作风险本质特征和中国商业银行内部欺诈损失数据收集年度较短,数据匮乏,为了在小样本数据下进行更准确的度量,本文采用贝叶斯后验预测分布方法,其中,假设损失频率服从泊松-伽马分布,而损失强度服从广义帕累托-混合伽马分布,分析后验分布的形式。由于在广义帕累托分布的参数估计中,位置参数的确定对估计结果的影响很大,因此,本文采用变位置参数线性趋势的贝叶斯分析以增强参数预测稳定性,降低位置参数选择对结果产生的影响,获得中国商业银行内部欺诈损失频率和损失强度的后验预测分布和边际分布,进而采用蒙特卡罗模拟,联合损失频率分布和损失强度的预测分布获得内部欺诈的风险联合分布。与传统Poisson-GPD极值分析法相比,在险值和预期超额损失明显降低,有利于银行降低内部欺诈操作风险资本。利用贝叶斯分析获得的后验分布可以作为未来的先验分布,有利于在较小样本下获得较真实的参数估计。     

企业信用状况的财务判断方法和模型--基于上市公司财务报告舞弊的实证研究

用68个存在财务报告舞弊和68个正常上市公司为样本,把分析性复核方法与4种模型相结合建立财务报告舞弊识别模型,以此检验财务报告舞弊行为是否会使财务结构出现异常状态。结果显示:舞弊行为确实导致企业的财务结构出现异常状态,4种识别模型都具有一定的有效性,并且发现Logistic回归模型的识别率最高。     

表见合伙之价值评判——兼新新《台伙企业法》第76条

2007年6月1日开始实施的新《合伙企业法》是一部非常有效地法律，但其最大缺陷是仍然没有规定表见合伙制度。表见合伙与表见代理、与民事欺诈是有明显区别的，不能用表见代理与民事欺诈解决实践中的表见合伙纠纷。新《合伙企业法》第76条的规定让人困惑，像似表见合伙，实则不然。建立表见合伙制度更有利于保障交易公平和安全，彰显善意第三人的利益，充分救济善意第三人的权利。因此，我国应当建立表见合伙制度。     

合同诈骗罪研究

违约(包括故意)以及欺诈行为,仍然属于民事法律调整的范畴,合同诈骗则属于刑事法律调整的犯罪行为,二者之间以是否存在一个真实或基本真实的交易为分水岭;交易条件是否真实、透明,不但影响对案件性质的认定,也决定其民事争议的最终处理;交付之后的行为被认作诈骗行为表现的,必须特别慎重;而对于行为人是否具有“以非法占有为目的”的主观要件,应坚持审查其是否具有“将他人财物永久性地归自己完全享用”的主观内容。