浅论国家赔偿费用管理

完善的国家赔偿制度是民主法治的标尺和安全阀,是国家对公民承担侵权责任的方式和标志。国家赔偿费用管理是实现国家赔偿的重要保证,直接关系到赔偿请求人能否最终获得赔偿。本文旨在分析研究我国现行国家赔偿费用管理中存在的若干问题,并提出相关完善建议。     

论反垄断法中的民事责任

反垄断法中的民事责任制度的价值追求是有效竞争,而非填补损害。反垄断法中的民事责任形式主要是停止侵害、消除危险和赔偿损失,其中的赔偿损失包括实际损害赔偿和惩罚性赔偿两种。反垄断法中的民事责任的构成除了限制竞争行为的发生、实际损害的发生、行为与损害之间有因果关系外,还有其特殊的构成,即限制竞争行为不属于反垄断法规定的豁免情形,也不要求行为人主观上有过错。在追究反垄断法中的民事责任时,有一些特殊的程序要求,如放宽原告主体资格、给予物质利益刺激、实现审判组织的专业化和在必要时实行举证责任倒置等。     

西部民族地区旅游生态补偿政策实施的实践探索

The ethnic regions of Western Chi￣na are rich in ecological and cultural tourism re￣sources. At the same time, the regions are also ec￣ologically vulnerable areas with large populations of ethnic groups who have lived for a long time in poverty. Based on years’ investigation, it is obvi￣ous that tourism development, even though it can promote local economic development, has had a significant negative impact on the ecology, envi￣ronment and local communities. During the 18 th and 17 th National Congresses of the Communist Pary of China, a policy was announced to improve ecological compensation and accelerate the estab￣lishment of an ecological compensation mecha￣nism. So far, both government and academia have mainly focused on the effects and necessities of building a mechanism for ecological compensation. Of special concern, even if governments at all lev￣els sequentially enacted a series of policie with cer￣tain characteristics of ecological compensation, the public is still questioning the impartiality and legit￣imacy of the charges of such policy of ecological compensation. Thus, the task of implementing the ecological compensation policy faces many obsta￣cles. At present, the core research issue on eco￣logical compensation is no longer just the question of why it should be charged. This question was al￣ready clearly stated in official documents from cen￣tral government. Up to now, the core issues that need clarification are:in practice, how the charge be made; what amount of money should be charged;how will the revenue from the charge be used;how will the revenue derived from the charge be audited; and whether or not this charge can help to achieve government objectives in such a way.
Based on the unique background of the ethnic regions of Western China, this paper deeply analy￣ses issues of implementing policies such as ecologi￣cal compensation for tourism, including the illegi￣bility and legitimacy of who should pay, how much should be paid, and how to manage the funds im￣partially; and providing scientific and reasonable countermeasures to solve these practical problems. Compared with other industries, the tourism indus￣try became the pioneer for the practice of ecologi￣cal compensation as well as the research objective of ecological compensation studies. Some research￣ers defined ecological compensation for tourism as a system of regulating related ecological interests to protect the ecosystems of tourism destinations and promote sustainable development of the tourism in￣dustry ( Zhang Yiqun, Yang Guihua, 2012 ) . Al￣though such a definition is still fuzzy, at least it in￣dicates that the research of ecological compensation for tourism involves interdisciplinary fields inclu￣ding Economics, Sociology, Ecology and Tourism, etc. Currently, the research of ecological compen￣sation for tourism has insufficient first hand empiri￣cal research data. At the same time it has not yet had nationwide impact, either domestically or over￣seas. The research on implementing policies for the ecological compensation of tourism is at an early stage in China.
Obviously, it is hard to find sufficient re￣search results or research methods for reference, which brings certain limitations to this paper. To demonstrate the scope of this study, this paper de￣fined tourism ecological compensation as exploring the feasibility of spending fiscal revenue ( paid by tourism enterprises, tourists or other stakeholders) on protecting natural ecological environment. Based on this definition, this paper generated three actual issues with regard to implementing policies of ecological compensation for tourism, including the vagueness of the charge, the lack of unified, standard levies, and the non-tranparency of fund management. Combined with analyzing the current special background of implementing policies of ec￣ological compensation for tourism in the ethnic re￣gions of Western China, and by especially empha￣sizing the local communities of the ethnic groups who should be compensated, this paper tries to provide scientific and reasonable countermeasures consisting of implementing corresponding national policy, formulating correlated policy in accordance with local conditions and standardizing and institu￣tionalizing fund management. This paper not only attempts to support strongly implementing policies of ecological compensation for tourism at the insti￣tutional level, but also to coordinate the contradic￣tions between tourism development and ecological protection, and local community self - develop￣ment, hoping to achieve the win-win objectives of promoting an ecological compensation policy for tourism, tourism poverty alleviation and ecological civilization.     

合同利益损害赔偿制度的法律功能分析——以交易信赖秩序的维护为核心

信赖是形成公平交易秩序的基础。合同法通过建立对合同利益(包括返还利益、期待利益与信赖利益)的损害赔偿规则,成功地维护了财产交易的互惠理性,使其具备了通过当事人自由合意形成交易信赖秩序的基本功能,从而形成了建立在自由理性基础上的公平交易秩序。     

论机动车交通事故民事赔偿责任革新：填补性到惩罚性

机动车交通事故民事赔偿一贯采取的填补性赔偿,是对机动车交通事故主观因素与客观因素考虑欠妥的结果。主观因素方面,机动车交通事故应当区分当事人的过错程度,即区分故意与过失、一般过失与重大过失。在归责原则上应全面坚持过错责任原则,符合个人就自身行为所肇致的损害应负赔偿责任的基本观念。客观因素方面,机动车交通事故损害不应固守类型化区分,而应进行程度化区分,即轻微损害、一般损害、重大损害。主观因素与客观因素相结合,机动车交通事故责任中应当引入惩罚性赔偿,搭建填补性与惩罚性结合的赔偿架构。     

论日本证券法上的损失填补罪

证券市场交易制度的发展是社会主义市场经济建设的重要一环,而证券公司以损失填补的方式劝诱顾客进行证券投资行为,严重干扰了投资人对于证券投资风险的判断,因此,证券法上特别明文禁止,并且对违反者以行政罚来加以处罚。但是,对于同样的损失填补行为,日本却是根据证券交易秩序维持的必要,采用刑事制裁手段来应付。基于比较法的立场,从日本的立法过程与司法实践中分析损失填补罪的犯罪构成,澄清损失填补罪的保护法益与刑事制裁的必要性,以提供我国将来规范证券公司不当劝诱顾客的立法参考。     

河南上市公司高管薪酬与经营绩效相关性分析

河南上市公司高管的薪酬,主要与其公司的每股收益、净资产收益率和总资产周转率等反映企业盈利能力、营运能力及盈利质量的指标相关,与企业规模呈显著的正相关关系,与上市公司业绩指标的相关性存在规模效应,并受国有持股比例的影响。高管持股对公司绩效的影响存在区间效应,持股0.05%以上的样本公司的盈利水平和盈利质量较好,其高管持股可发挥长期激励作用。     

全流通背景下西藏上市公司可持续发展问题研究

随着中国证券市场制度的变迁,股权分置改革的进行,中国股市已经步入全流通时代。西藏上市公司可持续发展能力低下的状况,将直接影响西藏国有资产的保值、增值;同时,西藏上市公司经营业绩的不理想、股票价格的剧烈波动,也严重打击了西藏群众投资本地股票的积极性,制约了西藏居民消费水平的提升,进而影响西藏经济的发展。针对此状况,笔者提出应加快提高西藏上市公司可持续发展能力,具体路径选择要以公司再造为主,实质性重组为辅。     

与就业关联的深层次影响因素分析

我国在实施转方式调结构时期,技术创新不断深入、产业结构主次重新排列、制度安排侧重点调整,都会对充分就业带来影响。在影响就业的诸多制约因素中,技术创新、结构优化、制度安排属深层次影响因素。技术创新和结构优化是决定就业总水平及变动的重要动力,而就业规模与就业结构演变的结果既取决于技术创新和结构优化,同时,在很大程度上取决于经济制度安排是否顺应技术创新、结构优化的要求。因此,理清它们之间的关系,对于有的放矢地促进社会就业至关重要。     

关于精神损害赔偿制度若干问题的探讨

本文从我国精神损害赔偿制度现存的缺陷入手,通过国内外精神损害赔偿制度的简单对比,分析了我国此制度在主、客体范围和金额确定等方面存在的问题,并就此提出一些解决的办法.