Health Effects Caused by Primary Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Emitted from Buses in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area, Finland

Fine particle (PM(2.5)) emissions from traffic have been associated with premature mortality. The current work compares PM(2.5)-induced mortality in alternative public bus transportation strategies as being considered by the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council, Finland. The current bus fleet and transportation volume is compared to four alternative hypothetical bus fleet strategies for the year 2020: (1) the current bus fleet for 2020 traffic volume, (2) modern diesel buses without particle traps, (3) diesel buses with particle traps, and (4) buses using natural gas engines. The average population PM(2.5) exposure level attributable to the bus emissions was determined for the 1996-1997 situation using PM(2.5) exposure measurements including elemental composition from the EXPOLIS-Helsinki study and similar element-based source apportionment of ambient PM(2.5) concentrations observed in the ULTRA study. Average population exposure to particles originating from the bus traffic in the year 2020 is assumed to be proportional to the bus emissions in each strategy. Associated mortality was calculated using dose-response relationships from two large cohort studies on PM(2.5) mortality from the United States. Estimated number of deaths per year (90% confidence intervals in parenthesis) associated with primary PM(2.5) emissions from buses in Helsinki Metropolitan Area in 2020 were 18 (0-55), 9 (0-27), 4 (0-14), and 3 (0-8) for the strategies 1-4, respectively. The relative differences in the associated mortalities for the alternative strategies are substantial, but the number of deaths in the lowest alternative, the gas buses, is only marginally lower than what would be achieved by diesel engines equipped with particle trap technology. The dose-response relationship and the emission factors were identified as the main sources of uncertainty in the model.     

出口供应安全及基础设施影响下的天然气进出口博弈

鉴于出口国时常出现天然气出口供应安全问题,进口国因基础设施滞后引发的天然气供需矛盾,考虑出口供应安全、基础设施与需求量三者之间的相互影响,文章构建了进出口两国之间的动态博弈模型。运用最优控制等理论,求得了双方的均衡策略及效用。结果表明,天然气出口价格越高,使得进口国的天然气销售价格越高及其对基础设施投入越少;出口国为保障出口供应安全付出的努力与天然气出口价格之间呈倒“U”型关系;与天然气寡头竞争市场相比,出口垄断市场的天然气出口价格、出口供应安全、基础设施存量以及出口国效用更高,进口国效用更低;在寡头竞争市场,与合作方式相比,两国在议价下的天然气出口价格、出口供应安全、基础设施存量以及出口国效用更高,进口国效用更低。     

On the strategic project management process in the UK upstream oil and gas sector

This paper reports on an investigation into strategic project management in the UK upstream oil and gas sector. The management process is represented by a set of elements which covers context, content and output and are balanced across financial, internal business, external environment, and learning and innovation perspectives. The paper uncovers elements that appear to explain successful project management and compares these with the elements to which managers pay greatest attention. There appears to be a mismatch between those elements which are associated with success and those receiving significant management attention.     

Relationships between psychological capital,job satisfaction,and organizational commitment in the Saudi oil and petrochemical industries

During the past decade, Saudi Arabia experienced a significant social, economic, and organizational change. The rapid economic growth created a need for seasoned management professionals and necessitated the development of human capital. Psychological capital, a newly developed construct by academics and practitioners, is defined as the extent to which an individual operates in a positive psychological state, and this state is characterized by high self-efficacy, optimism, hope, and resiliency. By measuring the positive psychological constructs, an organization can learn about employees’ positive psychological states and how training and support can promote positive psychological states. Improving the positive psychological capital can lead to better organizational commitment, favorable organizational citizenship behaviors, lower employee absenteeism, and higher job satisfaction. This quantitative study examined the relationship among psychological capital, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment through a sample of managers in the Saudi Arabian oil and petrochemical industries.     

三态英语教学法重要指标的统计分析--三态英语系统教学理论及其教学法之五

本文通过对教学统计数据的分析和总结,说明三态英语系统教学理论及其教学法的合理性和必要性,以及在当今大学英语教学中所具有的综合性教学运用价值.     

从三态英语系统教学理论看全新版 《大学英语》综合教程--三态英语系统教学理论及其教学法之六

本文首先对三态英语系统教学理论,特别是教材指导图,进行简单介绍;继而从三态英语系统教学理论对英语教材的宏观指导和整体要求出发,对全新版<大学英语>综合教程的主要组成部分和整体结构给出自己的评论和看法.     

邢东矿隐蔽致灾因素研究

以邢东矿为例,根据矿井的实际情况,通过对采空区范围、地质构造、含水性和瓦斯富集区等煤矿生产过程中可能涉及到的隐蔽致灾因素的分析研究,并针对不同隐蔽致灾因素对安全生产的影响程度,采取切实可行的综合治理措施,最大限度地消除隐蔽致灾因素对矿井安全的影响,提升煤矿安全保障能力。     

对天然气管输费合理计收理论依据的探讨

从分析天然气管输成本的影响因素入手，推导出在一定管道条件下，管输成本与运距、输气量的关系，从而说明了我国制定的按管输运距收费的办法有一定理论根据，同时也指出了其缺陷和不足，并提出了实行国际通行的两部制收费办法的建议，为国家科学地制定管输收费方法提供了可作参考的理论依据。     

油气田企业资源税费问题分析

资源税主要存在着对油气资源的差别性考虑不够 ,其征收没有考虑价格的变化等问题。矿产资源补偿费主要存在着难以体现国家对矿产资源的所有权、重复征收、有关规定对油气资源不适用、管理体制不合理等问题。建议合并矿产资源补偿费和资源税 ,调整资源税税率 ,确定油气资源税收优惠项目 ,调整原油、天然气矿产资源补偿费计算公式     

2008年英国《气候变化法》评介

作为世界上首部温室气体减排目标的国内立法,英国2008年《气候变化法》为减排目标的实现确立了经济上可行的路径,它将削减碳排放、适应气候变化和向低碳经济转型相结合,并从制度、程序和机构方面作出了规范。这既有助于实现其减排目标,又彰显其在气候变化和低碳经济方面的领导力。在我国面临的碳排放控制与削减压力日益严峻的背景下,该法为我国探索如何兼顾碳排放管理与发展经济提供了经验和启示。