Double Jeopardy in Hollywood: Age and Gender in the Careers of Film Actors, 1926–1999

There have been few studies of the concept of double jeopardy as it pertains to the effects of gender and aging on occupational outcomes. This research examines the utility of this concept in the field of film acting, traditionally a gender-integrated occupation. The results confirm significant negative effects of being female and being older on the number of film roles received by actors and their average star presence. Moreover, the gendered effects of aging on the career opportunities of actors have diminished somewhat over time with respect to number of film roles but not with respect to star presence.     

Gender and Community Context: An Analysis of Husbands’ Household Authority in Rural Guatemala

Drawing on research about womens autonomy, gender, and development, and Latin America, I analyze individual, household, and community-level factors associated with husbands sole authority with regard to four household issues: (1) money management; decision-making about (2) food purchases, (3) medicine purchases, and (4) health providers. The results point to how husbands authority varies across household issues and how the dynamics of authority differ with regard to money management and the other decision-making issues studied. This study found that husbands authority varied not only by individual characteristics but also by community features and thus adds to efforts to represent more fully how context matters to household gender relations.     

Educating the “Variant,” Educating the Public: Gender and the Rhetoric of Legitimation in The Ladder Magazine for Lesbians

This article explores the rhetorical strategies used within The Ladder magazine to legitimate its producers, and by extension all lesbians, as participants in the public dialogue regarding the problem of homosexuality. The Ladder was the first lesbian-produced, nationally distributed magazine in the United States, publishing continuously from 1956 through 1972. Unlike early publications by male homophile groups, the producers of The Ladder had two delegitimating statuses to overcome in order to establish legitimacy–their stigmatized sexuality and their delegitimated gender. This article examines the ways that gender expectations experienced by women during the magazine's early years of publication shaped and constrained the discursive practices within The Ladder in its quest for legitimation. Three rhetorical strategies are analyzed: normalization (constructing the lesbian as heterosexual woman), status elevation (the lesbian as man), and emphatic individualism (the lesbian as idealized citizen).     

论五四女性情爱主题写作中的边缘文本和隐形文本

五四女性文学的情爱主题的写作既是对个性解放的时代总主题的呼应 ,同时又没有丧失女性性别体验的真实表达。由于五四时期女性表达话语的失构和女性意识的稚嫩 ,这种性别体验还必须裹挟在主流话语当中 ,以一种或边缘或隐形的文本形式浮出历史地表。但是这已经鲜明地勾勒出五四女作家由“觉醒”到“自觉”进程中的女性意识 ,从一个侧面反映了女性意识发展初期的阶段性特征。     

女性文学--浮出历史地表的另一含义

女性文学“浮出历史地表”的含义不仅是指对传统性别秩序的抗衡 ,以取得跟男性平等的话语权力 ,而且也指女性历史积淀下的艺术潜质的释放。女性“暴力美学”所呈现人性层面上的生命体验的极致 ,女性对色、声、味的感知优势中包含的美学潜能 ,女性语言构成的文本魅力 ,这些久被拘囿、遮蔽的艺术潜质 ,在 90年代前后的中国大陆、台港、海外女作家创作中都得到了清醒的自审和不懈的开掘 ,构成这一时期女性文学发展的真正基础。     

A Pharmacokinetic Study of Occupational and Environmental Benzene Exposure with Regard to Gender

Using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, occupational, personal, and environmental benzene exposure scenarios are simulated for adult men and women. This research identifies differences in internal exposure due to physiological and biochemical gender differences. Physiological and chemical-specific model parameters were obtained from other studies reported in the literature and medical texts for the subjects of interest. Women were found to have a higher blood/air partition coefficient and maximum velocity of metabolism for benzene than men (the two most sensitive parameters affecting gender-specific differences). Additionally, women generally have a higher body fat percentage than men. These factors influence the internal exposure incurred by the subjects and should be considered when conducting a risk assessment. Results demonstrated that physicochemical gender differences result in women metabolizing 23–26% more benzene than men when subject to the same exposure scenario even though benzene blood concentration levels are generally higher in men. These results suggest that women may be at significantly higher risk for certain effects of benzene exposure. Thus, exposure standards based on data from male subjects may not be protective for the female population.     

“Outside and Inside, Male and Female” Reconsidered

This paper reconsiders Judith Kestenberg's classic work Outside and Inside, Male and Female in the light of subsequent work on gender identity and psycho-sexual development. Kestenberg argued that the fear of internal genital sensations was common to both men and women and an obstacle to sexual development. An understanding of the fears and phantasies men and women have about their bodies which they project onto each other is an important aspect of therapeutic work, which the author believes does not receive adequate attention. Through two case examples she shows where Kestenberg's theory is still valid and where it needs to be revised. While Kestenberg could assume a normative heterosexuality, the author suggests we must now reexamine our theories in the light of challenges presented by homosexuality, bisexuality and transexuality.     

性别与历史:近代妇女与基督教学术研讨会综述

“性别与历史:近代妇女与基督教学术研讨会”日前在上海大学举行,与会学者就近代妇女与基督教的有关文献与资料、社会运动和组织、女子教育、女传教士、女基督徒等内容进行了深入探讨,在近代妇女与基督教研究的三个主题:基督信仰与女信徒的生活、基督教促进中西妇女间的文化交流、女信徒群体从事社会改良活动方面有更深刻的认识。     

“向死而爱”： 普拉斯爱情诗的解构主义特征与死亡意识

美国自白派女诗人普拉斯从复杂的象征体系与死亡审美的交汇场域形塑了一种高度个人化的爱情编码方式。其爱情诗一方面暗扣了弗洛伊德的生死本能理论,指涉出爱情与死亡的互渗关系,另一方面又内化了解构主义思想,通过一系列多元性的爱情隐喻的能指重新定位两性关系,从诗歌文本内部发动反男权、反压迫的“政变”,进而生成了一个延异、多义、爱与死交错杂糅的“诡爱空间”。通过剖析普拉斯爱情诗中表露出的消解男性霸权、生死对立等一系列的解构主义文本特征,可以进一步揭示普拉斯诗歌蕴含的诗学意义、审美取向和内在价值。     

男女平等的制障因素与实现路径——1996～2006年社会党妇女国际历次会议关于男女平等的探讨

1996～2006年的10年间,社会党妇女国际通过一系列会议对男女平等的制障因素和实现路径进行了探讨,认为新自由主义影响下的经济和贸易的全球化、贫困的女性化、国与国之间经济发展的巨大差距催生的劳动力国际流动的“悬崖效应”等严重制约了男女平等的发展。社会党妇女国际认为,解决问题的基本路径是:促进社会生产力发展;采取改善妇女经济困境的整体经济政策和发展策略;提高妇女的资源占有份额和政治参与能力;运用民主社会主义的价值理念整合人类社会,促进社会和谐发展,实现男女平等。