Costs and Rewards of Children: The Effects of Becoming a Parent on Adults' Lives

How do new parents differ from their childless counterparts in social and psychological resources, daily strains, and psychological well‐being? Using a nationally representative panel of 1,933 adults who were childless at the first interview, we compare 6 indicators of adults' lives for those who became parents and those remaining childless several years later, controlling for earlier states. Becoming a parent is both detrimental and rewarding. With the exception of social integration, which is greater for all groups of new parents compared with their childless counterparts, the effects of parental status on adults' lives vary markedly by gender and marital status. Unmarried parents report lower self‐efficacy and higher depression than their childless counterparts. Married mothers' lives are marked by more housework and more marital conflict but less depression than their childless counterparts. Parental status has little influence on the lives of married men.     

论生态主义勃兴对历史唯物主义的若干贡献

生态主义从思想观念、伦理道德、政治法律、发展模式或道路、经济形态、生产生活方式、行为方式、社会运动等各方面全面勃兴。这对现行历史唯物主义的相关理论提出了挑战,也必然对其进一步的丰富和发展做出相应的贡献:扬弃现行地理环境概念,重新定义自然环境;扬弃现行地理环境对社会的存在和发展作用的理论,提出自然生态力范畴,并揭示它对社会的存在和发展起被动的最终决定作用;把自然环境纳入社会基本结构;提出自然生态力与生产力的矛盾是社会最基本的矛盾,从而使社会基本矛盾由现行三方面两对矛盾的体系发展为四方面三对矛盾的新体系。     

Working Time,Gender and Family: An East‐West European Comparison

This article provides a comparison of three West European countries with five Central East European countries in respect of working time and the integration of work and family life. The countries are the Netherlands, Sweden and the UK in West Europe and Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania and Slovenia in Central East Europe. As well as providing an East–West comparison, the article also takes into account the differing institutional and policy contexts in the selected countries and the different routes to flexibility. A further aim of the article is to extend our understanding of the culture and values which underpin the organization of family and work in each country. Whilst there is a clear East–West divide, all eight countries demonstrate diverse routes to flexibility and different mixes of social policies and gender cultures which have lead to considerable differences in the integration of work and family life.     

Young helpline callers and difference: exploring gender, ethnicity and sexuality in helpline access and provision

This article, which has its origin in a feasibility study carried out for three youth telephone helplines, focuses on gender, difference and helpline access by young people. During the research process the writers noted that for the three commissioning helplines, as is the case with the majority of other telephone helplines, approximately two‐thirds of callers are female. A helpline for young Muslims where the gender access ratio was 50/50 stood out as being different in this respect. Until recently, literature on gender and help‐seeking has tended towards making a blanket identification of males as experiencing difficulties in negotiating pathways to help. Although this difficulty of males is evident in relation to both help‐seeking and access to helplines, our study suggests that, at least in relation to helpline usage, when we take culture, ethnicity and sexuality into account, the help‐seeking situation may be more nuanced. This has implications in terms of enabling a cross‐section of young people to access helplines as well as with regard to helpline service development.     

马克思哲学的价值内涵

学史上,只有马克思真正实现了对人的完整的理解,从而使人真正成为哲学的出发点和归宿,使价值问题真正具有了哲学的品格,也使哲学具有了真正的价值内涵。马克思哲学的基本价值内涵是:以实践为基石,从现实的、完整的人出发,通过批判异化的人与人的异化,以消除人的异化了的生存状态,最终实现每个人自由而全面的发展。     

神坛上的《白鲸》与神坛下的《海狼》——析两部作品不同的伦理学蕴含

梅尔维尔的《白鲸》和杰克.伦敦的《海狼》虽同为海洋小说,但两部作品却有着不同的伦理学蕴含。《白鲸》着力表现的是人与自然之子白鲸的斗争,而在人与人之间的关系上却体现为一种和谐;相比之下,《海狼》中直接描写猎捕海豹经历的篇幅却并不多,它以将近三分之二的篇幅描写了船长海狼拉尔森与其下属之间的矛盾冲突和船员自身之间的敌视争斗。《白鲸》具有一种形而上的意义,它在一个象征性的层面上表现了美国资本主义自由竞争时代末期人们内心的自由意志与宗教精神的矛盾冲突;《海狼》则是进入资本主义垄断阶段的美国社会生活的现实主义写照,它关注的是按自然法则进行生存竞争的人们之间的争斗,以及这种争斗的最终精神出路。     

哲学如何教化

哲学陷入困境的原因在于我们以非哲学的方式教授哲学,哲学有自己的特点,哲学的特点就是沉思和分析。哲学本身是一种本体的或形而上学的思;哲学是一种面向前提的思;哲学是一种面向生活世界的思。哲学应体现出对智慧的追求,对人的价值、意义的思考,以及对时代的关注,应引导学生学习哲学的思维方式,进入哲学活动的世界。     

性别觉悟与妇女命运--从分析张洁、王安忆小说的女性人物说起

妇女的性别觉悟,也可以说成妇女个人自我意识的觉醒程度,受个人所处的社会政治、历史经济、文化传统等多方面因素影响决定。妇女性别的觉醒程度在不同时代及不同的个人身上,其表现各有特点,其作用也不尽相同。对妇女自身来讲,则直接影响妇女个人如何面对命运、选择机遇,以至决定最终的人生模式。本文试图对张洁、王安忆创作的长篇小说《无字》、《长恨歌》中两个主要女性人物一生命运与个人性别觉悟的关系做出分析,探讨这一关系的普遍意义。     

略论中国古代历史哲学发展的阶段性

中国古代历史哲学思想的聚集点是要构见一个集自然规律与个性和谐发展的社会，其发展过程明显地受到儒家化的影响。孔子时开始对社会历史的发展进程进行了理性的思考，后经过董仲舒的发扬光大，到清代的公羊学派集其大成。