皮亚杰的道德责任发生论及其教育意蕴

皮亚杰首次利用实验方法,从个体心理发展的微观角度,揭示了儿童的道德责任的发生过程和机制。道德责任是个体社会化的产物,经历了由他律的客观责任向自律的主观责任的进化。真正的道德责任产生于协作。皮亚杰的道德责任发生论对道德教育理论与实践的启示是:道德教育必须以自由为基础,充分利用学生的自主活动,才能教会学生负责。     

The economic design of multivariate binomial EWMA VSSI control charts

Since multi-attribute control charts have received little attention compared with multivariate variable control charts, this research is concerned with developing a new methodology to employ the multivariate exponentially weighted moving average (MEWMA) charts for m-attribute binomial processes; the attributes being the number of nonconforming items. Moreover, since the variable sample size and sampling interval (VSSI) MEWMA charts detect small process mean shifts faster than the traditional MEWMA, an economic design of the VSSI MEWMA chart is proposed to obtain the optimum design parameters of the chart. The sample size, the sampling interval, and the warning/action limit coefficients are obtained using a genetic algorithm such that the expected total cost per hour is minimized. At the end, a sensitivity analysis has been carried out to investigate the effects of the cost and the model parameters on the solution of the economic design of the VSSI MEWMA chart.     

A likelihood ratio test for goodness‐of‐fit of recessive and dominant models for case–control studies

Testing goodness‐of‐fit of commonly used genetic models is of critical importance in many applications including association studies and testing for departure from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Case–control design has become widely used in population genetics and genetic epidemiology, thus it is of interest to develop powerful goodness‐of‐fit tests for genetic models using case–control data. This paper develops a likelihood ratio test (LRT) for testing recessive and dominant models for case–control studies. The LRT statistic has a closed‐form formula with a simple $\chi^{2}(1)$ null asymptotic distribution, thus its implementation is easy even for genome‐wide association studies. Moreover, it has the same power and optimality as when the disease prevalence is known in the population. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 41: 341–352; 2013 © 2013 Statistical Society of Canada     

Mathematische aspekte zu einer methode zur numerischen bestimmung individueller thermodynamischer aktivitätskoeffizienten einzelner ionensorten in konzentrierten elektrolytlösungen

The mathematical problems of the – in an communication [3] described – principle for the calculation of individual thermodynamic activity coefficients of single ionic species in concentrated electrolyte solutions are specified. It is the Newtonian approximation method that makes possible the evaluation of the constants b ₁,…b ₄ in the concentration function (0.1) for the product of the activity coefficients.

The efficiency of the method is represented by the example of the activity coefficients of pure and of – with other electrolytes – mixed solutions of NaCIO₄. The individual activity coefficients of the single ionic species are evaluated for several electrolytes of the concentration range from m = 0 to m = 10 mole/kg and published at another place [3, 17, 18].     

Fitting of self-exciting threshold autoregressive moving average nonlinear time-series model through genetic algorithm and development of out-of-sample forecasts

Self-exciting threshold autoregressive moving average (SETARMA) nonlinear time-series model is considered here. Sufficient conditions for invertibility and stationarity are derived. Parameter estimation algorithm is developed by employing real-coded genetic algorithm stochastic optimization procedure. A significant feature of the work done is that optimal out-of-sample forecasts up to three-step ahead and their forecast error variances are derived analytically. Relevant computer programs are written in statistical analysis system (SAS) and C. As an illustration, annual mackerel catch time-series data are considered. Forecast performance of the fitted model for hold-out data is evaluated by using Naive and Monte Carlo approaches. It is found that optimal out-of-sample forecast values are quite close to actual values and estimated variances are quite close to theoretical values. Superiority of the SETARMA model over the SETAR model for equal predictive ability through Diebold–Mariano test is also established.     

Case–control genome-wide joint association study using semiparametric empirical model and approximate Bayes factor

We propose a semiparametric approach for the analysis of case–control genome-wide association study. Parametric components are used to model both the conditional distribution of the case status given the covariates and the distribution of genotype counts, whereas the distribution of the covariates are modelled nonparametrically. This yields a direct and joint modelling of the case status, covariates and genotype counts, and gives a better understanding of the disease mechanism and results in more reliable conclusions. Side information, such as the disease prevalence, can be conveniently incorporated into the model by an empirical likelihood approach and leads to more efficient estimates and a powerful test in the detection of disease-associated SNPs. Profiling is used to eliminate a nuisance nonparametric component, and the resulting profile empirical likelihood estimates are shown to be consistent and asymptotically normal. For the hypothesis test on disease association, we apply the approximate Bayes factor (ABF) which is computationally simple and most desirable in genome-wide association studies where hundreds of thousands to a million genetic markers are tested. We treat the approximate Bayes factor as a hybrid Bayes factor which replaces the full data by the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters of interest in the full model and derive it under a general setting. The deviation from Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) is also taken into account and the ABF for HWE using cases is shown to provide evidence of association between a disease and a genetic marker. Simulation studies and an application are further provided to illustrate the utility of the proposed methodology.     

生物遗传资源的国际保护

生物遗传资源是生物技术发展的重要战略资源,拥有先进生物技术的发达国家和拥有丰富遗传资源的发展中国家之间存在着巨大的利益冲突,为了协调双方的利益,公平合理地保护和利用遗传资源的国内和国际立法是必需的。作者通过对农民权理论、生物遗传资源永久主权理论以及国内主要观点的分析和评价,提出了保护生物遗传资源的理论基础———生物遗传资源权。     

基于并行遗传算法的去相关多用户检测器

通过将码分多址通信系统中的最佳多用户检测视为组合优化问题,利用遗传算法能全局寻优的优势,提出了一种基于并行遗传算法的去相关多用户检测器。理论分析和仿真表明:该多用户检测器无论是抗多址干扰的能力还是抗远近效应的能力都明显优于传统的检测器和去相关多用户检测器;由于采用了基于“联姻”策略的并行遗传算法,使这种多用户检测器更易于实时应用和硬件实现。     

解蔽与成圣:荀子认识论新探

荀子明确将自然对象排斥于人的认识领域之外 ,而把认识对象规定为三位一体的“五经”、礼义和道。荀子的认识方法 ,一是通过具有理性思维能力的心灵 ,以静观的方式来认识对象 ;二是认识主体以“行”即践履的方式来把握对象。荀子的认识目标有两个层面 :其一是知性层面的“解蔽” ;其二是德性层面的“成圣”。从上述认识对象、认识方法、认识目标的具体规定来看 ,荀子的认识论是一种“社会道德认识论” ,而不是所谓的朴素唯物主义反映论     

目前遗传资源和传统知识法律保护机制国际探索的成就与不足——评CBD事先知情同意机制和FAO农民权机制

传统知识是长期以来传统部族在长期的生产生活实践中创造出来的知识、技术、经验的总称,是一种知识形态和知识产品。CBD等国际组织对遗传资源及有关传统知识的保护进行了多年的探索,在保护机制上取得了一定的创新。CBD开创的事先知情同意机制和FAO开创的农民权机制为其代表。两种机制均在物权层面设计了遗传资源及有关传统知识的保护规则,但前者具有较强的保障力,后者基本上还是一种道义意义上的权利。但只有提供知识产权保护方能充分实现传统部族在传统知识上的利益。