金岳霖的知识概念及相关比较

金岳霖没有直接回答何谓知识,但揭示了知识事实是关系事实,知识等同于真命题。他立足于常识,肯定知识之有,回答了知识的可能问题和知识的限制问题,但又明确指出他的知识论不涉及这两个问题。当代知识论学家在普遍接受柏拉图知识概念的同时,通过回应盖蒂尔挑战来完善传统的知识概念。为此,他们提出了无假信念条件、挫败条件、可靠性理论、结论性理由以及因果理论等方案。但是,这些方案无法弥补传统知识概念的不足和缺陷。金岳霖的知识概念与当代知识论中的知识概念有许多相同之处,但也存在明显区别。后者主要表现为金岳霖和当代知识论学家对知识有无明确的定义、知识的构成要素、怀疑论的挑战、知识概念的分析方法等方面持有不同观点。     

从海德格尔的视界看近代哲学认识论的根本缺陷

自笛卡尔以降的近代哲学总是习惯于把主、客二分当作构建认识论理论的基石。由此,一方面引发了康德所谓的“哲学的耻辱”(即哲学“没能对‘外部世界的存在’提出一个令人信服的证明”);另一方面,由于主、客二分说不能把人视为“存在先于本质”的存在者,从而丧失了先于现象把握存在的可能性。正确的做法应是刚好颠倒过来,从更为本源的人的生存—存在论角度去解释人的认识。舍此,我们便不能对认识有真正切近的领悟。     

科学理解的认识论前提

科学理解论日益成为国际学术界注目的课题之一,在理解与说明、科学理解与科学说明的关系中辨明科学理解的特性进而明确其认识论根基,发现其在这一点上与近代自然科学类似,主体与客体对立的学说是后者的认识论基础,而在科学理解中,主客对立学说被改造成主客分立说,一方面承认二者的不同,另一方面坚持二者的联系.从而为科学认识、科学伦理提供了竞争的可能性.     

实践哲学语境中的价值定义探析

对价值定义的规定,不应从经济学语境中和在认识论范式中理解,而应在实践哲学语境中理解。在哲学语境中探讨价值的定义,必需以人的需要为根据,确认“以人为本”的价值本性。     

认识主体性理论的逻辑进路:从笛卡尔到伽达默尔

主体问题是贯穿于整个西方哲学史的重要的哲学议题,对于这一问题的研究也随着西方哲学史的发展而不断得以深入。人类对于该问题的探讨经历了从主张主体只是上帝保证下的认识客体面前的消极“沉思者”或“旁观者”的以笛卡尔为代表的大陆唯理论的主体观,与认为主体只是认识客体面前的被动“反映者”的以洛克为代表的英国经验论的主体观,到主张主体在认识客体面前是一个积极“能动者”的康德的批判主体观,再到认为主体的认识结构是一个动态的发展结构,在这种动态的发展中,认识主体与认识客体达到融合统一的伽达默尔的解释学主体观的演进,从而展现了一条认识主体性理论发展的逻辑进路。     

马克思主义文化的基本范畴与文化自觉

马克思主义关于文化社会结构的科学定位、文化历史形态的科学定位、文化价值取向的科学定位、文化发展环节的科学定位、文化与文明关系的科学定位是先进文化建设的认识论基础。坚持马克思主义的文化认识论,才能正确解决特定历史条件下的文化自觉问题。     

The likelihood ratio test for homogeneity in finite mixture models

The authors study the asymptotic behaviour of the likelihood ratio statistic for testing homogeneity in the finite mixture models of a general parametric distribution family. They prove that the limiting distribution of this statistic is the squared supremum of a truncated standard Gaussian process. The autocorrelation function of the Gaussian process is explicitly presented. A re‐sampling procedure is recommended to obtain the asymptotic p‐value. Three kernel functions, normal, binomial and Poisson, are used in a simulation study which illustrates the procedure.     

From Otherness to Alliance

Abstract

The first part of this article presents the epistemological evolution of the therapeutic frameworks regarding the treatment of transgender individuals and their partners. It outlines a medical approach and two others-the developmental approach and the deconstructive approach, ones not based on the conception of transgender identity as pathological. Two case studies of couples presenting with gender identity-related issues illustrate their application with particular emphasis on the relational process of gender identity formation and on partners of transgender-identified persons.     

基于改进遗传算法的电力系统无功优化

在简单遗传算法的基础上，针对无功优化的动态、多目标、多约柬以及非线性特点，提出了基于简单遗传算法的改进算法．改进遗传算法中采用了个体适应度函数的线性变换、归一化的选择方法，以及定向变异策略的应用．以Ward＆Hale6节点标准测试系统为例对该算法进行了有效性验证．仿真结果表明，该方法对电力系统的无功优化效果良好．     

Affective and Cognitive Factors Influencing Sensitivity to Probabilistic Information

In study 1 different groups of female students were randomly assigned to one of four probabilistic information formats. Five different levels of probability of a genetic disease in an unborn child were presented to participants (within‐subject factor). After the presentation of the probability level, participants were requested to indicate the acceptable level of pain they would tolerate to avoid the disease (in their unborn child), their subjective evaluation of the disease risk, and their subjective evaluation of being worried by this risk. The results of study 1 confirmed the hypothesis that an experience‐based probability format decreases the subjective sense of worry about the disease, thus, presumably, weakening the tendency to overrate the probability of rare events. Study 2 showed that for the emotionally laden stimuli, the experience‐based probability format resulted in higher sensitivity to probability variations than other formats of probabilistic information. These advantages of the experience‐based probability format are interpreted in terms of two systems of information processing: the rational deliberative versus the affective experiential and the principle of stimulus‐response compatibility.